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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Presented By: BAYU MEGANTARA
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
CONTENTS
o Basic Design Procedure
o PV Stand alone System Installation
o Conclusion
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Photovoltaic System
Stand alone system
With storage
SHS
PV communication
system
PV street lighting
PV power station
Without storage
PV Pumping system
BCS
PV ventilator
system
PV Calculator
Hybrid system
With diesel generation
With wind generation
With hydro generation
Grid connected system
Centralized
PV farm, MW PV plant
Decentralized
House roof top system
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
In principle, PV stand alone systems require energy storage to compensate the time lapse between the energy production and the energy requirement .
Energy storage (batteries) requires a suitable charging regulator as an electricity manager
for its protection and to guarantee a high availability and a long life expectancy.
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
PV Stand alone system consists of the following main components:
PV generator,
Charger controller,
Inverter (AC load),Converter (DC load)
Battery
(energy
storage),
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
PV Stand Alone SL Diagram
PV generator Charge controller
Energy storage DC/DC
converterDC Consumer
PV generator Charge controller
Energy storage DC/AC
InverterAC Consumer
~
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
PV Stand Alone System Lay out
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
PV Stand Alone SL Diagram
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DC Bus
AC consumer
DC Bus AC Bus
Inverter
PV generator
Battery
DC Bus DC Bus AC Bus
Charge regulator
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Photovoltaic ventilator systems
Source:
http://kingsolar.com/catalog/mfg/nulight/atticfan.html
Source: http://kingsolar.com/catalog/mfg/nulight/atticfan.html
Source: http://www.tubulardirect.com/fan.html
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PV generator DC ConsumerDirect coupled PV system
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
PVPV arrayarray
ControllerController/inverter/inverter
MotorMotor/ /PumpPump
Principle of PV pumping system with DC/DC controller or inverter
PV pumping system
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
PV pumping system with different cell technologySource: Energy Park, SERT
Amorphous
PV
array
Crystalline PV array
Energy Park, SERT
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
PV communication system (470 MHz)Source: Energy Park, SERT
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PV streets lighting system Source: Energy Park, SERT
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
PV Fountain (Source: Energy Park, SERT)
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
CONTENTS
o PV STAND ALONE SYSTEM
o PV STAND ALONE SYSTEM INSTALLATION
o CONCLUSION
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Annual Radiation data
Demand Calculation
Quality Factor of the System PV
Array sizing
Battery Sizing System Voltage
Selection
Cable Sizing (at
DC
and
AC
side)
Charge Controller
Capacity
Inverter
Capacity
Protection & SafetyPV Module InstallationCharge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Only a small part of solar radiation could reaches the earths surface because of the great distance between the sun and
the earth.
But this small part of solar radiation are corresponds to an energy amount of 1 x 10 18 kWh per year.
And this amount of solar energy is approximately 1000 times the current global energy demand. Thus, only 0.01% of the
solar
energy
would
have
to
be
used
to
meet
the
entire
energy
demand of mankind.
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Solar energy source in kWh/m 2a
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Annual mean solar radiation 1961 1990 in kWh/m 2a(Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
The solar radiation is usually measured with a pyranometer or a pyrheliometerand its sensor is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density in watts per square meter from a field of view of 180 degrees.
Pyranometer or pyrheliometer is a basic instrument for
measuring the solar radiation. Pyrheliometer
Sun Tracker
Model 240 8101 Star Pyranometer PV analyzer
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Model 240 8101 Star Pyranometer
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Pyrheliometer with solar tracker
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
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PV Analyzer
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Annual distribution of solar radiation at different countries in South East Asia(Source: Surface meteorology and Solar Energy http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/ )
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec MeanMonth
A v e r a g e d a i l y g l o b a l r a d i a t i o n
[ k W h / m 2 ]
Phitsanulok Thailand Vientiane Laos PhnomPenh Cambodia Jakarta Indonesia
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
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Annual distribution of solar radiation at different city in Indonesia
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
A v e r a g e D a i l y S o l a r R a d i a t i o n
k W h / m 2
Solar Radiation kWh/m2
4.8
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Annual Radiation data
Demand Calculation
Quality Factor of the System PV
Array sizing
Battery Sizing System Voltage
Selection
Cable Sizing (at
DC and AC side)
Charge Controller
Capacity
Inverter Capacity
Protection & Safety
PV
Module
InstallationCharge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
E demand E supply Amount
Rating power
Daily Time operation
Daily Energy consumption
Annual energy consumption
unit W hour kWh/d kWh/a
XL Lamp 6 14 6 0,504 183,96
Flourecent lamp 1 20 1 0,02 7,3
Television 21" 1 70 12 0,84 306,6
Iron 1 300 1 0,3 109,5
Washing machine 1 300 0,5 0,15 54,75
Rice cooker 1 450 1 0,45 164,25
Electric jug 1 350 2,5 0,875 319,375
Water Pump 1 350 0,25 0,0875 31,9375
Refrigerator1 100 8 0,8 292
Computer 1 400 4 1,6 584
2.424,00 5,63 2.053,67
Apliances
T O T A L
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
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Annual Radiation data
Demand Calculation
Quality Factor of the System PV
Array sizing
Battery Sizing System Voltage
Selection
Cable Sizing (at
DC and AC side)
Charge Controller
Capacity
Inverter
Capacity
Protection & Safety
PV
Module
InstallationCharge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
31
The energy supply should be basically higher than the energy demand, due to uncertainty of demand and the radiation . Sometimes the supply could not meet the demand and the
system fails consequently. For this reason, a quality factor (Q) is commonly used.
Q =
where:Q = quality factor of the systemE el = real electric output energy of the system [kWh]E th = theoretical output energy of the system [kWh]
th
el
E
E
Eth is defined as the output energy in ideal conditions, i.e. Standard Test Conditions (STC) which is ISTC = 1000 W/m 2 , T STC = 25 C, AM = 1.5
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
0 6 12 18 24
time
P (watt)
6 a.m 6 p.m
Energy produce by
module at clear day
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
0 6 12 18 24
time
6 a.m 6 p.m
P (watt)
Energy produce by
module at cloudy day
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
0 6 12 18 24
time
6 a.m 6 p.m
P (watt)
Energy produce by
module at rainy day
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
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Component/ System Q
PV module (Crystalline) 0.850.95
PV array 0.800.90
PV system (Grid-connected) 0.600.75
Hybrid system (PV/Diesel) 0.400.60
PV system (Stand-alone) 0.100.40
The quality factor can be determined over any given time period. In most cases, a time period of one year is chosen to pre size PV systems.
Quality
factors
table at
different
PV
systems
and
components
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Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
36
Annual Radiation data
Demand Calculation
Quality Factor of the System
PV Array sizing
Battery Sizing System Voltage
Selection
Cable Sizing (at
DC and AC side)
Charge Controller
Capacity
Inverter
Capacity
Protection & SafetyPV Module InstallationCharge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation
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Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
P peak
Peak power of the PV array on STC [kWp]
E el Real electric output energy of the system [kWh/a]ISTC Incident solar radiation on STC [ kW/mE glob Annual global solar radiation [kWh/m a]
Q Quality factor of the system
P peak =
E el . I STCE globe . Q
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38
For example of PV array sizing at Jakarta site
Eglob = 4.8 kWh/m 2.d X 365 days
=
1752
kWh/m2
.a
Eel = 2024.47 kWh/a
Thus,
= 2.930 kW 3 kW
P peak =2053.67kWh/a . 1 kW/m 2
1752 kWh/m 2.a . 0.4
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Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Module area
39
Source: Planning and installing photovoltaic systems
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Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
40
Annual Radiation data
Demand Calculation
Quality Factor of the System PV
Array sizing
Battery Sizing System Voltage
Selection
Cable Sizing (at
DC
and
AC
side)
Charge Controller
Capacity
Inverter
Capacity
Protection & SafetyPV Module InstallationCharge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation
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Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
41
Storage battery capacity is defined to ensure an availability of energy supply within a certain number of
autonomy days.
Too big a battery, besides expensive, it will seldom to
get fully recharged or charged at a sufficient rate.
Too small battery will be cycled excessively, again
leading to an early death.
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Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
0,1
1
10
100
1000
0,01 0,1 1 10 100
Peak power P peak [kW p ]
B a t
t e r y c a p a c i t y
C B
[ k W h ]
PV systems
C B P peak
= 10
SHS
PV hybrid
systems
Thumb rule for relation of battery capacity and PV nominal power
C B
Ppeak
C B battery capacity [kWh]P peak peak power of the PV array [kWp
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Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
For optimizing of battery capacity, it can be calculated as follows:
where:C B = battery capacity [kWh]L = daily mean energy consumption [kWh/d]
T A = number
of
autonomy
days
[2
or
3
days]DOD = maximum depth of discharge [0,5.0,6]DT = derate for temperature [0,99] C = efficiency of power conversion [0,9] W = efficiency of wiring [0,95.0,99] B = efficiency of battery [decimal]
Number of autonomy days refers to how long the consumer can be supplied only by the battery, e.g. during of bad weather period.
CB =L . TA
DOD . DT . C . W . B
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Mi i f E d Mi l R R bli f I d i
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Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
For Example
CB = 42.544 kWh
Or
CB = 42544 Wh / 12 V = 3545.34 Ah 3600 Ah
CB =5.63 kWh/d . 3 days
0.5
.
0.99 .
0.9
.
0.99
.
0.9
CB =16.89
0.397
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Demonstration
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Skills
for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Annual Radiation data
Demand Calculation
Quality Factor of the System PV
Array sizing
Battery Sizing System Voltage
Selection
Cable Sizing (at
DC
and
AC
side)
Charge Controller
Capacity
Inverter
Capacity
Protection & SafetyPV Module InstallationCharge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation
45
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Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
The choice of the system voltage should considered the point of energy consumption and coverage of peak load.
The
system
voltage
must
be
chosen
so
high
that
the cable cross sections stay within the scope and the batteries can supply the occurring peak load.
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Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Table of Standard values of system DC voltage
Mean d aily
energy consumption[ kW h / d ]
Peak pow er
fo r minutes[kW]
Peak pow er
for seconds[kW]
System voltage
not below[V]
04 0.01.0 0.02.0 12
26 1.02.0 2.04.0 24
412 2.04.0 4.08.0 48
8 and more 4.08.0 8.016.0 96
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Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia
Annual Radiation data
Demand Calculation
Quality Factor of the System PV
Array sizing
Battery Sizing System Voltage
Selection
Cable Sizing (at
DC
and
AC
side)
Charge Controller
Capacity
Inverter Capacity
Protection & SafetyPV Module InstallationCharge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation
48
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y gy p
sys
2 l I A
v V
= 2
sys
2 l P A
v V
=or
A = cable cross section [mm = specific resistance [ mm /m] . mm /m for
copper l = single cable length [m] I = rated current through the cable [A]v = permissible loss in the cable (e.g. % v Vsys = depending on the system component (charge regulator,
converter or inverter) nominal , peak or open circuit voltage [V]
P power of the PV generator or the device [W]
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
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For example, cross section of a 10 m DC main cable,
which connects to 3000 W PV generator with 24 Vbattery and should show maximum 3 % loss is:
A = 62,15 mm 2
As a result, a cable with 60 mm 2 will be installed (Standardcable size).
A =0.0179 . 2 . 10 . 3000
0.03 . 24 2
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A = 15,54 mm 2 16 mm 2 ( Standard cable size)
A =0.0179 . 2 . 10 . 3000
0.03 . 48 2
If the system voltage is double chosen with 48 V, thecable cross section can be reduced to a quarter.
In addition, the equations explained above are valid ina similar manner for determination of cable cross section at the consumer side.
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A = 1,79 mm 2 2,5 mm 2 ( Standard cable size)
A =0.0179 . 2 . 30 . 2424
0.03 . 220 2
If the system voltage at consumer side is 220 V and the cable length 30 m, thus the cable cross section is:
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
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Annual Radiation data
Demand Calculation
Quality Factor of the System PV
Array sizing
Battery Sizing System Voltage
Selection
Cable Sizing (at
DC
and
AC
side)
Charge Controller
Capacity
Inverter Capacity
Protection & SafetyPV Module InstallationCharge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation
53
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The charge regulator must be able to carry the maximum current occurring at the PV generator side and its voltage must match with the system voltage .
Some charge regulators known the system voltage and adjust them self some others are selectable.
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In this case the maximum current for charge controllercould be calculated:
PV capacity 3000 W System Voltage 48 V Current at DC side 3000 W / 48 V = 62,5 A
Charge Controller Capacity
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The primary task of a modern charge controller:
Over charge protection
Deep discharge protection
Short circuit and overload protection
Protect against reverse current to PV array
Information on the SOC
Steca Solar Charge Controller(source: www.reihk.com/shop/index.php?language=du)
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Prostar solar charge controller with LCD display (source: www.alternativetechnology.info/solar.htm )
Powertech solar charge controller with LCD display(source: www.airaus.com/airaus/category.jsp)
Leonics
solar
MPP
charge
controller
with
LCD
display(source: Leonics
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
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Annual Radiation data
Demand Calculation
Quality Factor of the System PV
Array sizing
Battery Sizing System Voltage
SelectionCable Sizing (at DC and AC side)
Charge Controller Capacity
Inverter Capacity
Protection & SafetyPV Module Installation
Charge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation
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The selection of the stand alone inverter will be determined especially by the AC power to be provided and
the
selected
DC
voltage.
A stand alone inverter must be able to power all of the loads at peak power, including any starting surges for
pumps and other large motors.
In inverter specifications, pay attention to part load
efficiency. Related to the over sizing for peak current security reason, the stand alone inverter is mostly running in part load about 10 to 30 % of nominal load.
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
I n v e r t e r E f f i c i e n c y
Inveter Load
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Wave form of inverter
Square wave inverterModified sine
inverterPure sine inverter
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems
Annual Radiation data
Demand Calculation
Quality Factor of the System PV
Array sizing
Battery Sizing System Voltage
SelectionCable Sizing (at DC and AC side)
Charge Controller Capacity
Inverter Capacity
Protection & SafetyPV Module Installation
Charge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation
63
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Stand Alone system
AC fused switch / MCB
Load
Inverter
Battery
system
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Wind speed 20 m/s
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CONTENTSo PV STAND ALONE SYSTEM
o BASIC DESIGN PROCEDURE
o CONCLUSION
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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for
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Battery Capacity 42.43 kWh or42.443kWh / 48 V = 884.23Ah 900 Ah
2 x 16 mm 2
2 x 2,5 mm 2
PV Capacity 3000 Wp48 Vdc
Inverter 2500 WInput Voltage 48 VdcOutput Voltage 220 Vac
Charge Controller
3000 W, 65 A48 Vdc
48 Vdc 220 Vac
P peak = 2.424kW
Energy consumption
= 5.63kWh/d= 2053.67 kWh /a
MCB
Battery disconnection switch
PV array switch
MCCB
MCCB
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PV module connected series parallel
PV 50 Wp x 60 module = 3000 Wp
Number
of
panel
row
is
60
/ 4 =
15 row
48V
15
14
.
.
.
.
.
.2
1
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300Ah 300Ah 300Ah
48 Vdc900 Ah
12 pc of 300 Ah Battery connected series parallel
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R d i PV d l i ll i
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Recommendation on PV module installation
1. Sufficient Module Support (weight load)
2. Module orientation
3. Module Tilt angle max. 10 degree for Indonesia region
4. Earth ground protection
Recommendation on Charge controller & Inverter installation1. Installation location: avoid rain, humidity
2. Installation under shade avoid from the radiation
3. Good ventilation
4. Installation insect protection equipment
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Recommendation on Battery installation
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Recommendation on Battery installation
1. Good ventilation
2. Installation under shade avoid from the radiation
3. Avoid from heat source
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1. PV array sizing is depend on annual solar radiation data, annual Energy Demand and Quality factor of the
system.2. Area size for PV array installation is depend on module
efficiency3. The main function of Modern Charge Controller is for the
battery protection and long life expectancy.4. Pure sine Inverter is the best choice for induction and
electronic load.
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ARCO SOLAR training seminar. Basic photovoltaic technology.
Border Green Energy Team (BGET). 2005. Tech Manual. Version 2.
Castaer, L. and Silvestre, S. (2002) Modelling Photovoltaic System using PSpice . John Wiley & Sons.
Department of Energy Development and Promotion, (DEDP) (2000). Solar Radiation Map of Thailand.
Franz Kininger. 2003. Photovoltaic systems technology. University of
Kassel, Germany.
References
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Tomas Markvart. 2000. Solar electricity. 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. UK.
Nipon Ketjoy. 2004 . Safety with Photovoltaic System. Training Material for Engineering and Technician Level Solar Home System in Thailand. Sponsor by
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).
Planning and installing photovoltaic systems: A guide for installer, architects and engineers. James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. UK and USA. 2005.
Photovoltaic system: prepared as a part of the Comett project SUNRISE. Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, Germany.
RETScreen International. Photovoltaic Project Analysis. Clean Energy Project
Analysais Course.
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Planning and installing photovoltaic systems: A guide for installer, architects and engineers. James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. UK and USA. 2005.
Photovoltaic system: prepared as a part of the Comett project SUNRISE. Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, Germany.
RETScreen International. Photovoltaic Project Analysis. Clean Energy Project Analysais Course.
SUNDAYA training for Indonesia. 12 Vdc Electrical Generation
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