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Descriptive Abbreviations
• (s) Solid• (l) Liquid• (g) Gas• (aq) Aqueous
– dissolved in water
• How do we know the states of matter in a reaction?– Word problem tells us– States of matter from the periodic table– Common knowledge
Episode 605
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Determining State at Room Temperature
• All metals are solids except for mercury, which is a liquid.
• Most non-metals are gases with these exceptions:– Liquid – bromine– Solids – carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium,
tellurium, and astatine
• All metalloids are solids• Ionic compounds are solid, unless told otherwise.• Covalent compounds are liquid, unless told
otherwise.
Episode 605
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When heated, solid mercury (II) oxide yields mercury and oxygen
gas.
• Write the balanced chemical equation including the descriptive abbreviations for the state of matter.
2 HgO(s) → 2 Hg(l) + O2(g)
Episode 605
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Classifying Reactions
• Synthesis• Two or more substances combine to
form a more complex substance
A + B ABFe(s) + S(s) FeS(s)
H20(l) + SO3(g) H2SO4(aq)
(acid rain)http://www.natgeoeducationvideo.com/film/1233/acid-rain
http://video.about.com/chemistry/What-Are-Types-of-Chemical-Reactions.htm
Episode 605
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Classifying Reactions
• Decomposition• A single substance is broken down
into two or more simpler substances
AB A + BH2O (l) H2(g) + O2(g)
2HgO 2Hg(l) + O2↑
Episode 605
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Classifying Reactions
• Single Replacement• A free element replaces a less reactive
element in a compound
A + BY AY + BZn (s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
2Al(s) + 3CuCl2(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3Cu(s) Cu(s) + MgCl2(aq)
Activity Series: an arrangement of elements in the order of their tendency to react
NR (no reaction)
Episode 605
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Activity SeriesLithium
PotassiumBariumCalciumSodium
MagnesiumAluminum
ManganeseZinc
ChromiumNickel
TinLead
(Hydrogen)CopperMercurySilverGold
Decr
easi
ng a
ctiv
ity
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Classifying Reactions• Double Replacement• The elements of a reacting compounds replace
each other• Normally takes place in an aqueous solution• Also called metathesis reaction
AX + BY AY + BX2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) PBI2(s) + KNO3(g)
PrecipitateAn insoluble solidMay be represented in an equation by (s) or ↓
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgCl ↓ Episode 605
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Classifying Reactions• Combustion• Involves the reaction of a substance
with oxygen• Often called burning• The complete combustion of a
hydrocarbon produces CO2 and H2O
CxHy + O2 CO2 + H20
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)Episode 605