Download - Development: Examples, Illustrations, Incidents, Compare & Contrast Weikang Sun AP Lang – 9 4/5/2008
Development:Examples, Illustrations, Incidents, Compare & Contrast
Weikang Sun
AP Lang – 9
4/5/2008
Development
Clarify and expand on the claims and proof in a speech
Otherwise, audiences won’t pay attention Types of development:
Example Illustration Incident Compare & Contrast Analogy
Example
Basic, important form of development
typical, specific instance of something
Shows speaker’s understanding of the topic
Example: Claim that drunk driving
kills Cite example of a case
in 2001 where drunk sheriff’s deputy struck and killed two bicyclists in San Francisco
Example Guidelines
Find understandable and interesting examples which clearly address the topic
Introduce examples with “for example,” “for instance,” or “[example] is a good example of…”
Use more than one example Don’t list examples, also discuss them Tell audience if example is made up
(hypothetical example)
Illustration
An expansion of an example
Longer, more elaborate, detailed
“draws a picture” for the listeners
Develops the topic Example:
Deforestation describe with detail the
scenery before and after trees were cut down
Creates effective contrasting pictures
Illustration Guidelines
Use colorful, interesting, descriptive language
Give the audience something to picture in their minds
Place tag, a statement that ties back to the point being made, at the end
Incident
Also known as narrative or anecdote
A story used to prove or further illustrate a point
Example: Airplanes are unsafe Tell a personal story
of knowing someone who died in a plane crash
Gives the sense of authenticity
Incident Guidelines
Be cautious on the use of incidents because they tend to be very long
Tell the incident with enthusiasm and interest
Find incidents that are very closely related to the topic
Don’t overuse incidents Don’t exceed time limits
Compare & Contrast
Compare: similarities between two things
Contrast: differences between two thing
Use Compare & Contrast to build/develop the point
Often the whole speech can be based on Compare & Contrast
Example: Compare & Contrast
PC’s and Macs Physical differences,
speed, security, compatibility, etc.
Compare & Contrast Guidelines
Explain what is being compared or contrasted
Supplement compare and contrast with examples
Maintain clear organization Use transitions (“on the other hand”)
to signal clear explanation of the two sides of compare and contrast
Analogy
Extended comparison of two things
Helps audience understand difficult, confusing, or new concepts
Usually compares how the two things are similar
Example: Comparing the atom
to the model of the solar system
Types of Analogies
Literal analogy Comparing two things that
are actually alike Ex. An electronic circuit
and a water pump circuit. Both have a source of power which creates a current in a circuit.
Figurative Analogy Comparing two things that
are not literally alike, abstract
Ex. Atom is not really like planets orbiting the Sun, much more complex (quantum theory)
Quiz
1. True or False? You should only use one example in a speech.
False
2. An incident can also be called a(n)…? Anecdote or narrative
3. What are the two kinds of analogies? What is the difference?
Literal and figurative analogies. Literal analogies describe two things that are literally alike, figurative analogies describe two things that are not literally alike