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Development of the urinary
system
WSO
School of Biomedical Sciences,
University of Hong Kong.
3 sets of kidneys developing in succession
(temporally and spatially) :
– Pronephros ]
– Mesonephros ]- Intermediate mesoderm
– Metanephros ]
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Objectives:• Outline the development of the pro-, meso- and meta-
nephros with special emphasis on the formation of the
permanent kidney.
• Describe the ascent and rotation of the kidney and the
development of the renal vessels.
• Describe the development of the urinary bladder, ureter
and urethra.
• Outline the embryological basis of duplication of the upper
urinary tract, horseshoe kidney, polycystic kidney, renal
ectopia anomalous renal vessels and exostrophy of the
bladder.
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Pronephros
• 4th week
• At levels of somites 7-14 (cervical)
• Tubules open into coelomic cavity
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Mesonephros
• 4 - 5th week
• At levels of somites 14-26 (cervical to lumbar)
• Tubules 2-9 per segment differentiate to Bowman’s capsule join to form mesonephric duct
• Mesonephros and ducts disappear by 16th
week in females
Mesonephric ducts persist in males as ductus deferens
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Relation of the allantois, cloaca and the hindgut
at the end of the fifth week
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Metanephros (Permanent kidney)
2 sources (a) ureteric bud
(b) metanephric blastema
2nd month
• Ureteric bud (giving rise to drainage system)
• Outgrowth from mesonephric duct giving rise to ureter
• 1st - 4th order : major & minor calyces
• 5th order : papillary duct
• 6th – 14th order : collecting tubule
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• Metanephric blastema (giving rise to the
nephron units)
- Vesicle lined by epithelium
- Elongation of vesicles into S-shaped blind
tubules
- Differentiate into:
Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle’s
Distal convoluted tubule
- Canalize with collecting duct
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Development of the renal pelvis, calyces and collecting
tubules of the metanephros
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Genes involved in the differentiation of the kidney
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Polycystic kidney
disease:
•1-2:1000 births
•Inheritable disease ,
most cases are caused by
dominant gene
•Involves ~5% nephrons
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Polycystic kidney
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Ascend and blood supply
• Metanephros: a pelvic organ; arterial
supply from middle sacral arteries
- Growth of lumbo-sacral region
- Growth of ureter
• “Ascend”: to lumbar region (L2); arterial
supply from upper lumbar arteries.
Right lobe of liver prevents right kidney to
ascend as far as that on the left.
Arteries formed during the ascent may persist
and are called supernumerary arteries.
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Rotation of kidneys:
• Hilum of kidney faces ventrally
- Rotates 90o
• Hilum directs medially
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Rosette kidney Horseshoe kidney
Malrotation
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Urinary bladder:
Urachus (distal part)
Allantois
Vesico-urethral canal
(proximal part)
urogential sinus
Cloaca divided by (ventral)
urorectal septum
urorectal canal (dorsal)
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Division of the cloaca into the urogenital sinus and
anorectal canal.
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Trigone of bladder:
• Formed from dilatation of mesonephric
ducts (epithelium – mesodermal in
origin)
• Later overgrown by surrounding
epithelium from cloaca and allantois
(endodermal in origin).
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Development of the urogenital sinus in the male
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Dorsal view of the bladder showing the relation of the ureters
and mesonephric ducts during development
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Urethra:Female urethra
• Neck of primitive bladder elongates to form the whole urethra
Male urethra:
• Prostatic urethra – proximal part from mesonephric duct; distal part from urogenital sinus
• Membranous urethra – urogenital sinus
• Penile urethra – urogenital sinus enclosed by urethral fold
• Glans urethra – ingrowth of ectodermal cord and then canalize
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Development of the penile urethra
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Penis at 4 months - growth and fusion of urethral fold
formed a penile urethra and a physiological hypospadia
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Penis at 6 months – ingrowth of ectodermal tissue
form the glans penis
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Epispadias
associated with
exstrophy of
bladder
Hypospadias - Fusion
of the urethral fold is
incomplete
(ventral aspect)
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Congenital anomalies
• Anomalies in kidney development
- Renal agenesis
- Renal cysts – polycystic or solitary cyst
- Pelvic kidney
- Horseshoe kidney
- Rosette kidney
- Unilateral double kidney
- Aberrant renal arteries
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Congenital anomalies
Ureter
- Double pelvis of ureter
- Bifid ureter
- Ectopic ureteric orifice
- Postcaval ureter
- Atresia of ureter
Bladder
- Exstrophy of bladder
- Patent urachus (urachal fistula, urachal cyst or urachal
sinus)
Ventral body wall defect, the
urinary bladder mucosa is exposed
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Complete
double ureter
Partial
double ureter
Sites of ectopic
ureter openings
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Congenital anomalies
Urethra
- Meatus stenosis
- Posterior urethral valves
- Urethral stenosis
- Hypospadias
- epispadias
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References:
• Cochard LR (2002) Netter’s Atlas of
Human Embryology.
• Sadler TW (2004) Langman’s Medical
Embryology 9th edition.