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Devonian – the Age of Devonian – the Age of FishFish
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DunkelosteusDunkelosteus
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Life on LandLife on Land
• First fossils of life on landFirst fossils of life on land– Ordovician PeriodOrdovician Period– Possibly Middle CambrianPossibly Middle Cambrian
• Why did Earth go so long without Why did Earth go so long without life on land?life on land?
• What prevented life from inhabiting What prevented life from inhabiting the land?the land?
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Barriers to life on landBarriers to life on land
• DehydrationDehydration• Osmoregulation: fresh vs. salt waterOsmoregulation: fresh vs. salt water• Reproductive dispersalReproductive dispersal• SupportSupport• Food supplyFood supply• Temperature extremesTemperature extremes• Exposure to UV and other radiationExposure to UV and other radiation
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Life on LandLife on Land
• What do you suppose the earliest What do you suppose the earliest colonizers were like?colonizers were like?
• Where would they have lived?Where would they have lived?• What advantages might there be to What advantages might there be to
living on the land?living on the land?
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The Fossil Record:The Fossil Record:
• Limited record of marine Limited record of marine macrophytes – macrophytes – environmental environmental requirements vs. requirements vs. preservationpreservation
• Ordovician (Middle Ordovician (Middle Cambrian?) - spores in Cambrian?) - spores in marine sedimentary rocksmarine sedimentary rocks
• Spores indicate primitive, Spores indicate primitive, moss-like (non-vascular) moss-like (non-vascular) plantsplants
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First Vascular Land First Vascular Land PlantsPlants
• Conducting tissueConducting tissue• StomatesStomates• No true roots – simple “hold fasts”No true roots – simple “hold fasts”• Appeared in Late Silurian to Early Appeared in Late Silurian to Early
DevonianDevonian
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CooksoniaCooksonia
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RhyniaRhynia
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AglaophytonAglaophyton
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AsteroxylonAsteroxylon
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ArchaeopterisArchaeopteris – Middle – Middle DevonianDevonian
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Archaeopteris/CallixylonArchaeopteris/Callixylon
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Callixylon/ArchaeopterisCallixylon/Archaeopteris
• The “Gilboa The “Gilboa Forest”Forest”
• First forest – First forest – Gilboa, NYGilboa, NY
• A new ecosystemA new ecosystem• New conditions – New conditions –
adaptations to adaptations to shadeshade
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ZosterophyllZosterophyll – Middle – Middle DevonianDevonian
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What about Animal Life?What about Animal Life?
• Rhyniaphytes show scars from Rhyniaphytes show scars from arthropod (insect) predationarthropod (insect) predation
• Why would arthropods be first to Why would arthropods be first to colonize land?colonize land?
• What about vertebrates?What about vertebrates?
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EusthenopteronEusthenopteron
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EusthenopteronEusthenopteron – a – a “missing link”“missing link”
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AcanthostegaAcanthostega – an early – an early amphibianamphibian
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LatimeriaLatimeria – a modern – a modern crossopterygiancrossopterygian
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IchthyostegaIchthyostega – First – First AmphibianAmphibian(M. Dev.)(M. Dev.)
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IchthyostegaIchthyostega