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Diabetes and Pregnancy
An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors : Blumer I, Hadar E, Hadden DR, Jovanovič L, Mestman JH, Murad MH, Yogev Y.Published : J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Nov;98(11):4227-49Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla (Junior Resident, Endocrine, GTBH, Delhi)
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Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 2
Diabetes and Pregnancy
• Women diabetic before the onset of pregnancy
Overt Diabetes
• Diabetes first detected in course of pregnancy
Gestational diabetes
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Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 3
Gestational diabetes
• Any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first definition during pregnancy
Current definition
• The condition associated with degrees of maternal hyperglycemia less severe than those found in overt diabetes but associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes
Definition supported by ES
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Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 4
Gestational diabetes - Pathophysiology
• Insulin resistance emerging in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy
– Progesterone
– Cortisol
– Human placental lactogen
– Prolactin and estrogen also contribute
• Some pts. cannot balance insulin needs and develop GDM
• Placental insulinase enzyme and obesity
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Preconception care of women with diabetes
Gestational diabetes
Glucose monitoring and glycemic targets
Nutrition therapy and weight gain targetsfor women with overt or gestational diabetes
Blood glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy during pregnancy
Labor, delivery, lactation and postpartum care
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
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Diabetes and Pregnancy
ES Guidelines 2013
Preconception care of women with diabetes
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1.1 – Preconception counselling to all
diabetic women
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 7
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Sufficient glycemic control
Assessment of comorbidities
Discontinuing unsafe medications
Folate supplementation
Smoking cessation
Preconception care of women with diabetes
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1.1 – Preconception counselling to all
diabetic women
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 8
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
1. Better preconception glycemic control
2. Lower rates of congenital anomalies and
spontaneous abortions
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1.2 – Achieve blood glucose and HbA1c close
to normal
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 9
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Maternal Hyperglycemia in
first few wks of pregnancy
Fetal malformations
Spontaneous abortions
Perinatal mortality
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1.2 – Achieve blood glucose and HbA1c close
to normal
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 10
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Risk of congenital anomaly
HbA1c levels
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1.3a – Insulin therapy
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 11
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Multiple daily doses of insulin or,
Continuous sc insulin infusion
Split-dose, premixed
insulin therapyvs
1. More likely to achieve target levels
2. Flexibility
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1.3b – Insulin therapy
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 12
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Change/start insulin regimen in advance
1. Better expertise of patient
2. Optimization
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1.3c – Insulin therapy
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 13
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Rapid-acting insulin analog Regular insulinvs
1. Achieve postprandial B.G. targets better
2. Less risk of hypoglycemia
3. Greater lifestyle flexibility and better quality of life
4. Insulin lispro and Insulin aspart safe in pregnancy
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1.3d – Insulin therapy
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 14
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
CONTINUE Long-acting insulin analogs
1. Lower rates of nocturnal hypoglycemia
2. Insulin detemir approved for use in
pregnancy (Category B)
3. Insulin glargine safe in pregnancy
Long-acting Insulin analogs Intermediate acting Insulin vs
1. NPH is cheaper
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1.4 – Folic acid supplementation
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 15
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Start 3 months before conceiving
5 mg daily dose
↓ Risk of Neural tube defects
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1.5a – Ocular care
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 16
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Detailed ocular assessment
Retinopathy present
Patient counselling for
risk of worsening
Retinopathy needing therapy
First treat retinopathy
Conceive only when it is stabilized
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1.5b – Ocular care
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 17
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Women with Established Retinopathy
Ocular assessment every trimester
Post-pregnancy assessment
within 3 months after delivery
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1.5c – Ocular care
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 18
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Women with No Retinopathy
Ocular assessment soon after conception
Then, periodically as indicated
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1.6 – Renal function
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 19
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Renal dysfunction
in Type 1 DM
↑ Risk of Adverse Maternal &
Fetal outcomes (e.g. preeclampsia)
Mild Preconceptional Renal dysfunction
Mod-Severe Preconceptional Renal dysf.
Reversible worsening
Irreversible worsening
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1.6a – Preconceptional Renal function assessment
1.6b – Regular renal function monitoring during
pregnancy in women with preconceptional renal
dysfunction
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 20
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
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1.7a – Management of Hypertension
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 21
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
<130/80 mm HgSatisfactory BP Control
Preconceptional
Uncontrolled HTN
↑ Risk of Adverse outcomes
(e.g. preeclampsia)
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1.7b – Management of Hypertension
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 22
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
ACE Inhibitors or
Angiotensin-receptor blockers
Safer alternatives :
Methyldopa
Labetalol
Diltiazem
Clonidine
Prazosin
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1.7c – Management of Hypertension
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 23
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Exception for using ACEI or ARBs :
Severe renal dysfunction with uncertainity about
conception
Loss of Renal protective properties
Risk of teratogenesisvs
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1.7d – Management of Hypertension
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 24
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
If ACEI or ARBs continued upto time of conception
DISCONTINUE immediately upon
confirmation of pregnancy
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1.8a – Elevated vascular risk
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 25
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
If vascular risk factors present
Screen for CAD before conceiving
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1.8b – Elevated vascular risk
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 26
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
If CAD present
Severity assessment
Management
Counselling
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1.9 – Management of dyslipidemia
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 27
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
1. Dyslipidemia seldom poses threat during
pregnancy
2. Unproven safety of statins, fibrates and niacin
during pregnancy
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Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 28
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
1.9a – DO NOT use Statins
1.9b – DO NOT use Fibrates or Niacin
1.9c – Bile acid-binding resins may be used to treat
hypercholestrolemia
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1.10 – Thyroid function assessment
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 29
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Autoimmune thyroid Type 1 DM
Uncontrolled
Hypothyroidism
↓ Fertility
↑ Risk of spontaneous abortion
↑ Risk of Impaired fetal brain
development
Hypothyroidism
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1.10 – Thyroid function assessment
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 30
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Serum TSH
Thyroid peroxidase Antibodies
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1.11 – Weight reduction in overweight/obese
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 31
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Severe calorie restriction (<1500 kcal/d or 50% reduction)
↑ Ketosis
Impaired fetal brain development
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1.11 – Weight reduction in overweight/obese
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 32
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Preconception care of women with diabetes
Severe calorie restriction (<1500 kcal/d or 50% reduction)
Moderate calorie restriction
(1600-1800 kcal/d or 33% reduction)
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Diabetes and Pregnancy
ES Guidelines 2013
Gestational Diabetes
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2.1 Universal testing for overt diabetes in
non-diabetic women at first prenatal visit
(<13 wks gestation)
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Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Gestational Diabetes
Fasting Plasma glucose, or
HbA1c, or
Untimed Random plasma glucose
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2.1 Universal testing for overt diabetes in
non-diabetic women at first prenatal visit
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 35
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Gestational Diabetes
Diagnosis FastingGlucose
RandomGlucose
HbA1c
Overt Diabetes ≥ 126 mg/dL ≥ 200 mg/dL ≥ 6.5 %
Gestational Diabetes
92-125 mg/dL NA NA
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2.1 Universal testing for overt diabetes in
non-diabetic women at first prenatal visit
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 36
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Gestational Diabetes
If Overt diabetes on screening test
but no Symptoms of hyperglycemia
Second test to confirm diagnosis
(Fasting glucose, Random glucose, HbA1c or OGTT)
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2.2 Testing for gestational diabetes at 24 to 28
weeks gestation by using 75-g OGTT
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 37
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Gestational Diabetes
Diagnosis FastingGlucose
1 hr Glucose 2 hr Glucose
Overt Diabetes ≥ 126 mg/dL NA ≥ 200 mg/dL
Gestational Diabetes
92-125 mg/dL ≥ 180 mg/dL 153-199 mg/dL
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2.3 Management of elevated blood glucose
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 38
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Gestational Diabetes
2.3a – Target blood glucose levels close to normal
Medical Nutrition therapy +
Daily moderate exercise (≥ 30 min)
Blood glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy
If hyperglycemia persists
2.3b -
2.3c -
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2.4 Postpartum care in GDM patients
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Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Gestational Diabetes
2.4a – Fasting glucose measured for 24 to 72 hrs
after delivery to rule out ongoing hyperglycemia
2.4b – 2 hr, 75g OGTT at 6 to 12 wks after delivery
to rule out pre-diabetes or diabetes.
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2.4 Postpartum care in GDM patients
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Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Gestational Diabetes
2.4c – Child’s permanent medical record should
contain :
Child’s birth weight
Whether born to mother with GDM
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2.4 Postpartum care in GDM patients
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 41
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Gestational Diabetes
2.4d – Counselling of GDM patients :
Lifestyle measures to ↓ risk of Type 2 DM
Need for planning future pregnancies
Regular diabetic screening
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2.4 Postpartum care in GDM patients
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 42
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Gestational Diabetes
2.4e – Discontinue blood glucose-lowering
medication immediately after delivery
Exception : Suspected overt diabetes with
accompanying hyperglycemia
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Diabetes and Pregnancy
ES Guidelines 2013
Glucose monitoring and glycemic targets
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3.1 Self-monitoring of blood glucose in
pregnant women with overt or gestational DM
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 44
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Glucose monitoring and glycemic targets
Fasting Post-BFPre-
LunchPost-Lunch
Pre-Dinner
Post-Dinner
Bedtime
Post-meal either 1 or 2 hrs
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3.2a-c – Glycemic targets in overt or GDM
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 45
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Glucose monitoring and glycemic targets
Target values
Preprandial blood glucose ≤ 95 mg/dL
1 hr after start of a meal ≤ 140 mg/dL
2 hr after start of a meal ≤ 120 mg/dL
Target preprandial blood glucose ≤ 90 mg/dL, if possible
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3.2d – Glycemic target only in overt diabetes
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 46
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Glucose monitoring and glycemic targets
HbA1c ≤ 7%
Ideally HbA1c ≤ 6.5%
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3.3 – Continuous glucose monitoring be used
if self-monitoring is not sufficient to assess
glycemic control
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 47
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Glucose monitoring and glycemic targets
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Diabetes and Pregnancy
ES Guidelines 2013
Nutrition therapy and weight gain targets for women with overt or gestational diabetes
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4.1 Medical nutrition therapy for all pregnant
women with overt or gestational DM
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Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Nutrition therapy and weight gain targets
Carbohydrate controlled meal
Adequate nutrition
Appropriate weight gain
Normoglycemia
Avoid ketosis
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4.2a Women with overt or gestational DM to
follow Institute of medicine revised guidelines
(2009) for weight gain during pregnancy
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Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Nutrition therapy and weight gain targets
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Institute of Medicine revised guidelines(2009)
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Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Nutrition therapy and weight gain targets
Prepregnancy BMI Total weight gain
Rate of weight gainin 2nd & 3rd Trimester
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) 12.5-18 Kg 0.51 Kg/wk (0.44-0.58)
Normal weight (18.5-24.9 Kg/m2) 11.5-16 Kg 0.42 Kg/wk (0.35-0.50)
Overweight (25-29.9 Kg/m2) 7-11.5 Kg 0.28 Kg/wk (0.23-0.33)
Obese (≥30 Kg/m2) 5-9 Kg 0.22 Kg/wk (0.17-0.27)
Assuming 0.5-2 kg weight gain in 1st trimester
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4.2b Obese women with overt or GDM should
reduce calorie intake
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 52
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Nutrition therapy and weight gain targets
Moderate Calorie restriction
(1600-1800 kcal/d, 33% reduction)
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4.3 Limit carbohydrate intake to 35-45% of
total calories
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 53
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Nutrition therapy and weight gain targets
3 small to moderate sized meals
2 to 4 snacks incl. evening snacks
Minimum 175g/d Carbohydrate
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4.4 Same guidelines for intake of minerals
and vitamins as for women without diabetes
except Folic acid
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 54
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Nutrition therapy and weight gain targets
Folic acid 5mg/d beginning 3 months before conceiving
Folic acid dose reduced to 0.4 to 1 mg/d after 12 wks gestation
Folic acid to be continued until completion of breastfeeding
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Diabetes and Pregnancy
ES Guidelines 2013
Blood Glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy during pregnancy
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5.1a Long-acting insulin analog detemir may
be initiated during pregnancy if
Women needs Basal insulin
NPH has resulted in or may result in hypoglycemia
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 56
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Blood Glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy
Continue insulin detemir, if patient successfully taking it before
pregnancy
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5.1b Continue insulin glargine if pt.successfully
using it before pregnancy
Not FDA approved, but safe in pregnancy
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 57
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Blood Glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy
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5.1c Rapid-acting insulin analogs lispro and
aspart be used in preference of regular insulin
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 58
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Blood Glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy
Rapid-acting insulin analog Regular insulinvs
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5.1d Continue using continuous sc insulin
infusion during pregnancy if initiated before
pregnancy. Otherwise, multiple daily dose
insulin preferred.
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 59
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Blood Glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy
Continuous sc insulin infusion associated with :
↑ Risk of maternal ketoacidosis
↑ Risk of Neonatal Hypoglycemia
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5.2 Noninsulin antihyperglycemic agents
Glibenclamide
Metformin
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 60
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Blood Glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy
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5.2a Glibenclamide
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 61
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Blood Glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy
Alternative to insulin therapy in GDM if
Insufficient glycemic control after 1-wk trial of MNT & exercise
Patient refuse or cannot use insulin
Insulin preferred (Glibenclamide less effective) if :
GDM diagnosed before 25 wks gestation
Fasting plasma glucose > 110 mg/dL
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5.2b Metformin
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 62
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Blood Glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy
Cross placenta freely
Safety in pregnancy not established
High glycemic control failure rates
↑ Rates of preterm birth
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5.2b Metformin
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 63
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Blood Glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy
Used for GDM only if
Insufficient glycemic control after 1-wk trial of MNT & exercise
Patient refuse or cannot use insulin or glibenclamide
Patient not in first trimester
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Diabetes and Pregnancy
ES Guidelines 2013
Labor, delivery, lactation, and postpartum care
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6.1 Blood glucose targets during labor & delivery
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 65
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Labor, delivery, lactation, and postpartum care
Blood glucose – 72 to 126 mg/dL
Neonatal Hypoglycemia
Fetal distress
Birth asphyxia
Abnormal fetal heart rate
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6.2a Lactation
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 66
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Labor, delivery, lactation, and postpartum care
Breastfeed infant whenever possible
Breastfeeding reduces risk of
Childhood obesity
Impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in
both mother & child
Helps postpartum weight loss in mother
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6.2b Lactation
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 67
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Labor, delivery, lactation, and postpartum care
Metformin conc. in breast milk low
Glibenclamide not detected in breast milk
Continue Metformin or glibenclamide, if needed, during
breastfeeding
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6.3 Postpartum contraception
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 68
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Labor, delivery, lactation, and postpartum care
No effect of Overt or GDM on choice of contraception
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6.4 Screening for postpartum thyroiditis in Type1
diabetic women
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 69
Diabetes and Pregnancy : ES Guidelines
Labor, delivery, lactation, and postpartum care
TSH at 3 and 6 months postpartum
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Summary
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 70
• Preconception care of diabetics include counselling, ocular and renal function assessment, thyroid function assessment, screening for vascular risk factors and weight reduction in obese/overweights.
• Strict blood glucose and B.P. control be achieved in advance
• Folic acid supplementation to be started 3 months before conceiving
• Discontinue/Avoid ACEI, ARBs & anti-dyslipidemics, consider alternatives
• Assess risk of worsening retinopathy and renal dysfunction
Preconception care of women with diabetes
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• Universal screening of all pregnants for overt diabetes at first visit
• Test for GDM at 24-28 wks gestation by 2hr 75g OGTT
• Manage hyperglycemia initially by lifestyle therapy, if it fails then pharmacological therapy used
• Discontinue B.G. lowering therapy immediately after delivery in GDM
• 2hr 75g OGTT at 6-12 wks postpartum to rule out diabetes
• Counsel GDM patients to reduce risk of T2DM in future
Summary
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 71
Gestational Diabetes
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• Self-monitoring blood glucose levels atleast 7 times a day (or continuous glucose monitoring used) in overt or GDM patients
• Achieve glycemic targets
• Preprandial B.G. <90mg/dL,
• 1hr Postprandial B.G. <140mg/dL,
• 2hr Postprandial B.G. <120mg/dL
• HbA1c <7% in overt diabetics
Summary
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 72
Glucose monitoring and glycemic targets
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• Medical nutrition therapy for all pregnant with overt or GDM
• Achieve weight gain targets as suggested by Institute of Medicine
• Moderate calorie intake reduction in obese and limiting CHO intake
• Folic acid to continue from 3 months before conceiving to until completion of breastfeeding
• Intake of minerals and vitamins like other non-diabetic pregnants
Summary
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 73
Nutrition therapy and weight gain targets
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• Long acting Insulin analog detemir better than NPH but expensive
• Rapid-acting insulin analog (lispro & aspart) better than regular insulin
• Insulin glargine is safe to continue during pregnancy
• Multiple daily dose insulin preferred for initiation during pregnancy
• Glibenclamide good alternative to insulin in GDM
• Metformin to be used as last option in GDM, if Insulin/glibenclamide cannot be given.
Summary
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 74
Blood Glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy
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• Blood glucose to be maintained between 72 to 126 mg/dL during labor & delivery
• Breastfeeding should be done by all women, even if pt. on metformin or gllibenclamide
• Screen type 1 diabetics for postpartum thyroiditis
Summary
Monday, January 20, 2014 Presentation by : Dr. Jagjit Khosla 75
Labor, delivery, lactation, and postpartum care
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Thank you
Presentation by Dr. Jagjit Khosla