Download - Diagnosing and treating diseases
2014 WINTER WEBINAR SERIESSHEEP & GOAT HEALTH
PART III: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES
SUSAN SCHOENIAN & JEFF SEMLER – UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND EXTENSION
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES
DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
Sometimes, we can’t identify the disease or causative organism; Sometimes, all we can do is treat symptoms. Sometimes, we never know.
THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS TO DIAGNOSE DISEASE PROBLEMS IN SMALL RUMINANTS.
• Clinical signs (symptoms)
• Physical exam
• Case history
• Response to treatment
• Serology (blood testing)
• Other tests
• Necropsy (post-mortem)
MOST (BUT NOT ALL) DISEASES HAVE CLINICAL SIGNS (SYMPTOMS). KEEN OBSERVATION IS THE KEY.
• Appetite• Behavior• Gait• Recumbency • Body condition• Discharges (vaginal, nasal)• Hair or wool loss• Fecal consistency (dagginess)• Color of mucous membranes• Lesions• Abscesses• Swelling• Pus• Pain • Breathing
Sheep and goats are generally slow to show clinical signs.
MANY DISEASE CONDITIONS ARE DIAGNOSED ON THE BASIS OF CLINICAL SIGNS (SYMPTOMS).
• Acidosis
• Bloat
• Floppy kid syndrome
• Grass tetany (Mg deficiency)
• Hoof diseases
• Listeriosis (circling disease)
• Mastitis
• Meningeal worm (deer, brain worm)
• Milk fever (low blood Ca)
• Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)
• Polioencephalomalacia (polio)(thiamine deficiency)
• Pregnancy toxemia (low blood glucose)
• Prolapses (rectal, uterine, vaginal)
• Scrapie
• Sore mouth
• Tetanus
• Urinary calculi (kidney stones)
• White muscle disease
A PHYSICAL EXAM WILL IDENTIFY MANY DISEASE PROBLEMS IN SHEEP AND GOATS.
• Body temperature
• FAMACHA© score (1-5)
• Body condition score (1-5)
• Fecal consistency, dagginess
• Heart rate
• Respiratory rate
• Rumen activity
• Breathing
• Close inspection of body for abscesses, swelling, pain, obstruction, skin irritation, infection, etc.
Normal is 102-103°F (101-104°F).
MANY DISEASES ARE DIAGNOSED AFTER A THOROUGH PHYSICAL EXAM IS CONDUCTED.
• Arthritis
• Bloat
• Club lamb fungus (ringworm)
• Dystocia (malpresentation)
• Dystocia (ringwomb)
• Epididymitis
• External parasites
• Hernia
• Hoof diseases
• Mastitis
• Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)
• Pink eye
• Pneumonia
• Skin diseases
• Sore mouth
• Urinary calculi (kidney stones)
CASE HISTORIES ARE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSING DISEASE PROBLEMS.
• Weight, age, and of animal
• Other animals affected
• Other deaths
• Other symptoms
• Nutritional management
• Changes in feed and management
• Vaccination history
• Treatment history
• Reproductive management
SOME DISEASES ARE CONFIRMED BASED ON THE RESPONSE TO TREATMENT.
• Floppy kid syndrome(sodium bicarbonate)
• Grass tetany(magnesium)
• Milk fever(calcium)
• Polioencephalomalacia(thiamine)
• Pregnancy toxemia(glucose)
Milk fever or pregnancy toxemia?
FECAL TESTS ARE AN IMPORTANT DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCERS.
GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITES
• Simple fecal flotation
• Fecal egg count (FEC)
• Fecal oocyte count (FOC)
• Fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT)
• DrenchRite® larval development assay
• Fecal coproculture (larvae ID)
• Leptin staining test
OTHER DISEASE CONDITIONS
• Infectious diarrhea (scours)
• Johne’s disease
SEROLOGY (BLOOD TESTING) CAN BE USED TO DIAGNOSE OR CONFIRM MANY DISEASE PROBLEMS.
• Anemia (Haemonchosis)(packed cell volume)
• Bluetongue
• Caseous lymphadentitis (CL)
• Caprine arthritic encephalitis (CAE)(antibodies against the virus)
• Diarrhea (infectious)
• Epididymitis (B. ovis)
• Floppy kid syndrome(metabolic acidosis)
• Grass tetany (Mg deficiency)
• Johne’s disease
• Leptospirosis
• Milk fever (low blood Ca)
• Other: cancer, kidney infection/disease . . .
• Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)
• Polioencephalomalacia(thiamine deficiency)
• Pregnancy toxemia (low blood glucose)
• Toxicities and deficiencies
• Toxoplasmosis (abortion)
MANY OTHER TESTS CAN BE CONDUCTED TO MAKE OR CONFIRM A DISEASE DIAGNOSIS.
• Acidosis, indigestionRumen pH
• Caseous lymphadentitis (CL)Pus - culture superficial abscess
• Club lamb fungus (ringworm)hair, skin samples
• EpididymitisSemen - B. ovis
• Listeriosis (circling disease)Cerebral spinal fluid
• Mastitis - milkCalifornia Mastitis Test - SCCsCulture and antibiotic sensitivity
• Pregnancy toxemia Urine - ketone bodies
• ScrapieRectal biopsyThird eyelid test
• Skin diseasesSkin scrapings
• Toxicities and deficienciesTissue culture: liver, kidneyFeed, water, and soil analysis
SOME DISEASES CAN ONLY BE DIAGNOSED OR CONFIRMED BY NECROPSY (POST MORTEM EXAM).
• Abortion (many kinds)
• Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)internal abscesses
• Coccidiosis(nodules on small intestines)
• Diarrhea
• Enterotoxemia (Clostridia)
• Listeriosis (circling disease)
• Lungworms
• Meningeal worm (deer, brain worm)
• Plant toxicities
• Pneumonia
• Polioencephalomalacia (pneumonia)
• Rabies
• Scrapie (brain tissue)
• Stomach worms
Many times, a necropsy is unable to determine the cause of death.
NECROPSIES
• If a flock or herd experiences too many unexplained deaths, specimens should be submitted to a diagnostic laboratory.
• Fresh specimens increase the probability of getting a diagnosis.
• A complete clinical history should be provided with the specimen(s).
• Ideally, you should work with your veterinarian when submitting samples to a state diagnostic lab.
• Producers can learn to do simple on-farm necropsies, “digital” necropsies, and/or harvest tissues for testing
TREATING DISEASES
• Anthelmintics
• Antibiotics
• Anti-inflammatories
• Other injectable medications
• Other medications and treatments
• Home remedies
• Homeopathic remedies
ANTHELMINTICS (DEWORMERS)
Trade name Drug Class
IndicationsDrug
Resistance
FDA approval
Roundworms
Tape worms
Lungworms
Flukes Larvae Hypobiotic External Sheep Goats
Cydectin® Moxidectin ML * ✗ **
Ivomec® Ivermectin ML nasal bots ****
Prohibit® Levamisole IMID ? ? *
Rumatel ® Morantel IMID ?
SafeGuard ® Fenbendazole BZ * ****
Valbazen ® Albendazole BZ **** flukes
Zolvix® Monepantel AAD 0 Not available yet
•All dewormers should be administered orally, using drench formulations.•Goats should be given 1.5 to 2x the sheep dose.•Fenbendazole and ivermectin are the drugs of choice for the meningeal worm.•Drug resistance varies by geographic region and individual farm. You must test to figure it out for your farm.
ANTIBIOTICSTradename Drug Indications Sheep Goats
Aureomycin® Chlortetracycline Vibrionic abortion (Camplylobacter) OTC OTC Rx
Di-methox, Albon®
Sulfadimethoxine Streptococcus, staphylococcus, some e. coli and salmonella, and coccidia organisms
OTC RxOTC Rx
Excenel® Ceftioflur Hydrochoride Broad spectrum antibiotic Rx Rx
Gallimycin® Erythromycin Upper respiratory infections and lamb dysentery OTC OTC Rx
LA-200®Oxy-200
Oxytetracycline General bacterial infections, pneumonia, diarrhea, footrot, uterine infections and pink eye
OTC Rx OTC Rx
Naxcel® Ceftiofur General bacterial infections including pneumonia Rx Rx
Neomycin Salmonella, e. coli, clostridium, and camplyobacter OTC OTC
Nuflor® Florfenicol Pneumonia and upper respiratory infections Rx Rx
Penicillin G Procaine General bacterial infections, pneumonia, and mastitis OTC OTC Rx
Spectam® Spectinomycin Scours and other infections OTC Rx OTC Rx
Sulmet® Sulfamethazine General bacterial infections, pneumonia, diarrhea, and uterine infections OTC Rx OTC Rx
Terramycin® Oxytetracycline Bacterial enteritis, bacterial pneumonia OTC OTC Rx
Today® Cephapirin sodium Intramammary treatment for clinical and sub-clinical mastitis OTC Rx OTC Rx
Tomorrow® Cephapirin Intramammary treatment of dry animal for mastitis OTC Rx OTC Rx
Tylan® Tylosin Respiratory and general bacterial infections OTC Rx OTC Rx
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
Trade name Drug Indications Sheep Goats
Aspirin Acetylsalicylic acidWhere pain relief or fever reduction is needed (infection, muscle damage, arthritis, joint pain)
OTC OTC
Banamine®Flunixin meglumine
Use for fever, mastitis, bacterial infection muscle damage, intestinal or stomach pain.
Rx Rx
Bute PhenylbutazoneWhere pain relief or fever reduction is needed (infection, muscle damage, arthritis, joint pain)
Rx Rx
DexamethasoneSteroid anti-inflammatory.Stronger than prednisone .Use when severe inflammation or pain.
Rx Rx
OTHER INJECTABLE MEDICATIONSTradename Drug Indications Sheep Goats
Bo-Se®Selenium and vitamin E
Prevent retained placentas and treat muscle/tendon problems or white muscle disease due to selenium deficiency
Rx Rx
Cal-Dextro® Calcium Treat milk fever and grass tetany Rx Rx
CMPK Calcium Treat milk fever and grass tetanus Rx or OTC Rx or OTC
Epinephrine Allergic reactions Rx Rx
Lutalyse® PGF2A Induce abortion or parturition Rx Rx
Oxytocin Induce labor, contract uterus Rx Rx
Thiamine HCL Vitamin B1 Treat thiamine deficiency (polioencephalomalacia Rx Rx
Vitamin A-D-E Increase vitamin A, D, and E status of animals OTC OTC
Vitamin B complex Stimulate appetite OTC Rx
OTHER MEDICATIONS / TREATMENTSDrug Indications Sheep GoatsBimusal(Pepto Bismal)
Non-infectious diarrhea OTC OTC
Kaolin Pectin(Kaopectate)
Non-infectious diarrhea OTC OTC
Mineral oil Constipation and acidosis OTC OTC
Nutri-drench Nutritional supplement OCT OCT
Probios® Appetite stimulant OCT OCT
Propylene glycolLiquid source of energy.Treat pregnancy toxemia, rumenitis
OTC OTC
Red Cell Nutritional supplement for horses OTC OTC
Therabloat Treat bloat OTC OTC
Zinc sulfate Treat foot rot and scald OTC OTC
COMMON HOME REMEDIESDrug Indications
Antacid Neutralize acid in rumen, treat bloat
Baking soda Neutralize acid in rumen
Corn oil Homemade “nutri-drench”
Gatorade Electrolytes
Honey Source of energy
Karo syrupSource of energyHomemade “nutri-drench”
Molasses Source of energy
Pedialyte Electrolytes
Vegetable oil Treat bloat
Yogurt
Restore health bacteria to rumen.Treat non-infectious diarrheaStimulate appetiteTreat stress
EXTRA-LABEL DRUG USE
• Few drugs are FDA-approved for use in sheep; even fewer for goats.
• Sheep and goat producers depend on extra-label drug use to treat their animals.
• Any use of a drug that is inconsistent with its label must meet the requirements of the extra-label drug use law (ELDU).
1. Different speciesExample: deworming a goat with Cydectin®
2. Different dosageExample: doubling SafeGuard® dosage for goats
3. Different route of administrationExample: administering Penicillin to sheep subcutaneously (SQ)
EXTRA-LABEL DRUG USE
• Only a licensed veterinarian may administer, prescribe, or dispense a drug extra-labelly.
• Extra-label drug use (ELDU) law
• A valid veterinarian-client patient relationship must exist.
• The animal’s health must be threatened.
• There is no approved drug that contains the same active ingredient in the required dosage form and concentration.
• Substantially extended withdrawal period.
• Extra-label drug use must not create a violative residue.
NEXT WEBINARTHURSDAY, FEB 20, 7 PM EST
TOPICCOMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS