Download - Diagnostics, Treatment
Tuberculosis.Diagnostics, Treatment.
General MedicineEnglish Learning Programme
Phthisiology, Lecture #2
Diagnostics
• history (epidemiological, social, alcohol, elicit drugs, comorbidities)
• physical examination• imaging (plane X-ray, CT...)• tuberculine skin test (TST)• bacteriology
Tuberculin skin testing (TST)
• 2 TU v 0,1 ml (Mantoux II) intradermally!• read after 72 hours (induration in mm)• Interpretation issues:• previous vaccination• population examined
• European population:• <5 mm = negative• <10 mm = postvaccination positivity• >14 mm = postinfectious positivity
• North American hispanic and afroamericans• >5 mm = positive
• HIV+ person• any reaction (even erythema) = positive
Tuberculin skin testing cont.
False positivity False negativity
Systemic conditions:• malnutrition• imunoincompetency• malignancy• renal failure• liver failure• IBD• ageing
Local conditions:• Skin ageing• Severe skin diseases
(erythrodermia...)
• Atopic skin• Boost• Non-TB
mycobacteriosis
Positive anergy
Negative anergy
Microbiological testing• smear
– low sensitivity ≈ 34-62% (10000 bacilli / 1 ml)
– fast– false positivity
• culture – the gold standard– higher sensitity (100 bacilli / 1 ml)– drug susceptibility testing– time consuming
Radiometric culture (BD BACTEC™ 460 TB)
• palmitic acid labelled by 14C
• CO2 production• radiometric detection• 4-12 days
BD BACTEC™ MGIT™ 960
• Fluorometric detection of O2 consumption
• Naturel fluorescency of Ruthenium salt is inhibited by O2
• Capable to detect 1 to 10 bacteria from treated samples
• 7-14 days
Differentiation of MTB complex vs. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)
• Immunochromatographicassay (ICA)
• Detection of MPT64 antigen (specific forMTB)
• 15 minutes• 100 ul of a positive liquid
culture
Newer microbiological methodesIGRA (Interferon Gamma Release Assay)
• presence of activated T-cells• all specimens containing T-
cells• incubation with M. TB antigens
(ESAT-6, CFP 10, TB 7.7)• IFN-γ detection• 1 day!• detection of the infection (not
of the disease!)
Mycobacterial species identification I.• DNA probes
–species-specific DNA probes that hybridize with rRNAreleased from bacteria
–probes labeled with acridinium ester, measured with a luminometer
–2-3.5 h–very easy to perform, no special instrumentation is
needed–not available for all pathogenic mycobacterial species–M. tuberculosis complex probe cannot differentiate
between the members of this complex (M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. bovis BCG, M. africanum, and M. microti)– Enhanced M. TB Direct Test (E-MTD)– sensitivity similar to culture
Mycobacterial species identification II.•pcr-based sequencing
–PCR amplification of mycobacterial DNA with genus-specific primers and sequencing of the amplicons
–the organism is identified by comparison of the nucleotide sequence with reference sequences
–the target most commonly used is the gene coding for the 16S rRNA
–members of the M. tuberculosis complex cannot be distinguished, M. kansasii has a sequence identical to that of a nonpathogenic species
–photometry–6.5 h–less sensitive than culture–Amplicor Mycobacterium tuberculosis Test
Combined methodes for identification of MTB and drug resistance
• GeneXpert MTB/RIF• FluoroType MTBDR (resistance to H, R)
Mycobacterial species identification III.•DNA microarrays (biochip)
–hybridization of fluorescently labeled PCR amplicons generated from bacterial colonies to a DNA array containing nucleotide probes
–probes based on 82 unique 16S rRNA sequences (discrimination of 54 mycobacterial species)
–covalent bond of the probes on solid surface
–4 h
Specimens used for microbiological testing
• sputum• induced sputum• throat swab• gastric secretions• bronchoalveolar
lavage• pleural fluid
• urine• blood• cerebrospinal fluid• smears from the fistulas• stool • sanitary pad• prostatic secretions• ascitic or pericardial fluid• synovial fluid• biopsies
Pharmacological treatmentbasic principles and terms
• combination treatment• long-term treatment (short-course=6 months)• intensive/continuation phase• almost all administered once a day• first/second/third line drugs• MDR-TB = multi drug-resistant TB (resistance to
izoniazid and rifampicin) • XDR-TB = extensively drug-resistant TB (MDR-
TB + resistance to any fluoroquinolone and any of the second-line anti-TB injectable drugs: amikacin, kanamycin or capreomycin)
First line drugs
• H - izoniazid• R - rifampicin• Z - pyrazinamide• E - ethambutol• S - streptomycin• 2HRZE/4(HR)3
Second line drugs
• aminoglycosides (amikacin)• polypeptides (capreomycin, viomycin,
enviomycin)• fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin,
levofloxacin, moxifloxacin)• thioamides (ethionamide, prothionamide)• cycloserine• terizidone
Third line drugs
• rifabutin, rifapentin• macrolides• linezolid• thioacetazone• thioridazine• arginine• vitamin D• bedaquiline
Standard treatment regimens
New patients presumedor known to have drug-susceptible TB
Previously treated patients and multidrug resistance
S 2HRZE/4HR DST or2HRZES/1HRZE/5HREA 2HRZE/4(HR)3
HIV- 2(HRZE)3/4(HR)3
S - standard regimenA - alternative regimenHIV- - alternative for patients NOT living with HIV or living in an
HIV-prevalent settingDST- drug susceptibility testing
Drug susceptibility testing (DST)
• Standard DST (6-9 weeks)• Rapid DST - molecular-amplification
assays e.g. line probe test (2-7 days)
• If MDR prevalence > 3% then DST in all new cases
Izoniazid• synthetic, bactericidal/bacteriostatic, intracelullar • inhibits synthesis of mycolic a.• clinically available since 1952• well resorbed from GIT, usually orally admin., i.v.
available• 4-6 mg/kg (up to 900 mg/day)• AE:
– GIT intollerance– hepatotoxicity– CNS effects (precipitation of seizures, mental
disorders, peripheral neuropathy)– anaemia– drug-induced SLE– allergy
Rifampicin• semisynthetic bactericidal antibiotic• inhibition of RNA-polymerase• clinically available since 1967• well resorbed from GIT, i.v. available• 8-12 mg/kg (up to 600 mg/day)• AE:
– GIT intollerance– hepatotoxicity– flu-like sy.– allergy (shock, purpura)– renal failure– adrenal dysfunction– orange-red colour of the body fluids
Pyrazinamide• bacteriostatic, cross haematoencephalic barrier• effective in acid environment• fast development of acquired resistance• inhibition of fatty acid syntetase• well resorbed from GIT• 20-30 mg/kg (up to 2000 mg/day)• AE:
– GIT intolerance– hepatotoxicity– hyperuricaemia– allergy, photosensitivity– anaemia
Ethambutol• bacteriostatic, synthetic• obstructs the formation of cell wall• well resorbed from GIT• 15-20 mg/kg (up to 1600 mg/day)• AE:
– optic neuritis– hyperurikaemia
Streptomycin
• bacteriostatic, in neutral- alcaline environment working aminoglycoside antibiotic
• protein synthesis inhibitor• clinically available since 1947 (first
antituberculotic)• not resorbed from GIT – exclusivelly i.m.• 1000 mg/day (500-750 mg/day in elderly)• AE:
– vestibulocochlear nerve toxicity (deafness, tinnitus, vertigo, ataxia)
– nephrotoxicity
Corticosteroids
• meningitis, pericarditis, pleurisy, extremely advanced TB - prednisolone 20-60 mg/day tapered off over 4-8 weeks.
• peritonitis, miliary disease, osteomyelitis, laryngeal TB, lymphadenitis and genitourinary disease?
Surgical treatment
• pneumothorax• plombage of pleural
cavity (porcelain balls)• thoracoplasty• phrenic nerve crushing• resection
0102030405060708090
100
1990
2000
2005
2008
2009
2010
not evaluated [%]defaulted [%]failed [%]died [%]completed [%]cured [%]
Global treatment outcomes(new smear-positive cases)
Treatment using short-course chemotherapy
• standardized treatment• protection of rifampicin
– DOTS– fixed-dose combination– at least 3 other drug in smear +– prohibition of sale
Basic Principles of Treatment
• Provide safest, most effective therapy in shortest time
• Multiple drugs to which the organisms are susceptible
• Never add single drug to failing regimen• Ensure adherence to therapy
Directly Observed Therapy (DOT)
• watch patient swallow each dose of medication
• consider DOT for all patients• DOT should be used with all intermittent
regimens• DOT can lead to reductions in relapse
and acquired drug resistance• Use DOT with other measures to
promote adherence