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MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM The muscles are responsible formovement of the body. It is classified as :
- CARDIAC (heart muscle)
- Skeletal (striated muscle)
- Smooth (nonstriated muscles ofgastrointestinal tract, blood vessels and
other involuntary muscles)
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The skeletal system from thesupporting framework of the
body. The component are:
- AXIAL part of bones of thetrunk which includes the; skull,
vertebral column, ribs, and
sternum and the appendicularpart or bones of extremities.
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RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
- The disease is common in men andwomen around age 40, but it occurs inpeople of ages. It is most frequentamong women and in temperature
climate w/c is cold and damp. It is aninflammatory disease and no one knowswhat causes it. One of the most widelyaccepted theories from among several,is that it is an autoimmune disease,where the sufferer·s own immunesystem attacks the joints.
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1. Suppression of inflammation in the joints or other tissues by the use of
anti-inflammatory drugs lie salicylates(aspirin). Other newer medicines thathave the same effect as aspirin aremotin (Advil), Naprosyn, Nalfron,
Tolectin, Clinoril, and Indocin. They areussually called ´non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugsµ (NSAIDs).
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2. Maintenance of joint function and prevention
of deformities through therapeutic exercisesdesigned to preserve joint motion, muscularstrength and endurance.
3. Repair of joint damage by surgical
intervention. This involves replacingitteversibly damage joints, or improvingfunctional capacity of, or preventing damageto normal joints (prophylatic synovectomy).
PLASMAPHERESIS- to remove circulatingplasma antibodies from the plasma andpemphopharesis to filters out lymphocytesare also done.
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4. To provide psychological adjustment tothe disease
5. To provide dietary needs of the patientconsidering on the symptoms and anydeficiency states that may aris.
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OSTEOARTHRITIS
- This condition is often referred to asdegenerative joint disease of hypertropicarthritis and the primary part affected is theparticular cartilage
- It usually involves the weight-bearing joints ofthe spine, hips, knees, elbows and the terminaljoints of the fingers.
- onset is slow and inflammatory. The disease ischaracterized by intermittent pain and stiffnessw/c affects the activity of the individual.
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- The pathophysiological changes areirreversible but the symptoms may bealleviated by rest, graduated physical
exercises, physiotherapy and analgesics.- Diet has very little role in the treatment
unless the pt. is obese in /c case a lowcalorie diet is necessary in order to reduce
the strain on the weight bearing joints.Protein, vitamins and minerals and fluidmust be adequate to maintain good health.
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GOUT
- This condition is a metabolic disorder characterized
by a uric acid levels greater that 7 mg% in theblood, resulting in deposition of urate crystalsthroughout the body. These crystals form tophi or
noduar deposits and may visibly be seen in the
helix of the ears and joints of the fingers and toesand in the kidneys as renal calculi.
- This is also characterized by severe pain in thejoints following exceptionally large meal or stress.
Sometimes joints affected swell and become redand tender.
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Management is aimed at reducing the
exogenous sources of purines in the diet even if
endogenous purines are produced in the body.
If the pt. is obese, a reduction in weight isnecessary.
Medical treatment is still confined to uricosuric
drugs, colchicine and analgesics which are allaimed toward abolishing inflammation.
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DMD is the most common form of muscular dystrophy
causing muscle deterioration and an eventual death in
boys usually before age 30. DMD is hereditary disease
the caused by a defective gene. This gene isresponsible for the production of a key muscle protein
called dystrophin, the lack of which is associated with
complete muscle deterioration over the first two
decades of life.
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Affects a large number of the women
population who are over 45 years of age. It can
result in curvature of the spine, decreased
height, and porous bones. They are many
factors responsible for osteoporosis but calcium
and its absorption plays a major role. The
following are considered risk factors forosteoporosis;
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1. Women
2. Early menopause
3. History of fractures among elderly relatives especially the hip and
vertebrate
4. Small built body frame
5. Underweight
6. Women who have never been pregnant
7. Smoking
8. Alcoholism
9. Cortisone, anticonvulsants and antacids containing aluminum
10. Illnesses like hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, cushings
syndrome, diabetis, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease&
gastrointestinal problems that impair absorption of calcium.
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Diet recommended diet to reduce osteoporosishave adequate calories to attain or maintain bodyweight, provide a calcium intake of 1000 mg
per day or 1500 mg for individuals with highcalcium need like pregnancy, adolescence andlactation; have a relatively low phosphorus,moderate protein, adequate amounts of vitamin
D and flouride.