Download - Digestive System
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The Digestive System
Dr. M. Azhari
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Digestion
Processing of food Types
Mechanical (physical) he!
Tear "rind
Mash
Mi#
hemical
ata$olic reactions %nzymatic hydrolysis
ar$ohydrate
Protein
&ipid
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Digestion
Phases
ngestion
Movement
Digestion
A$sorption
*rther digestion
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Digestive System ,rganization
"astrointestinal ("l) tract (Alimentary canal) T*$e !ithin a t*$e
Direct lin-path $et!een organs
Str*ct*res Mo*th ,ral avity
Pharyn#
%sophag*s
Stomach
D*eden*m /e0en*m
lle*m
aec*m
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
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GASTROINTESTINAL
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Resting potential is -40 to -80 mV !s!all" nea#t$e lo%e# en& o' t$is #ange
Ele(t#ogeni( Na)*-AT+ase ma" (onti,!te mo#eto #esting potential
Slow waves to ./ pe# min!te a#e os(illationso' #esting mem,#ane potential
A(tion potentials a#e slo% %it$ little o1e#s$ootL-t"pe Ca/2($annels in1ol1e&
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Digestive System ,rganization
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
ect*m
An*s
Accessory str*ct*res 3ot in t*$e path
,rgans Teeth
Tong*e
Salivary glands
&iver
"all $ladder
Pancreas
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Anatomy of the Mo*th and
Throat
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6*man Decid*o*s and
Permanent Teeth
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Dorsal S*rface of the Tong*e
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The Ma0or Salivary "lands
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Degl*tition (s!allo!ing)
Se9*ence :ol*ntary stage
P*sh food to $ac- ofmo*th
Pharyngeal stage aise
Soft palate
&aryn# ; hyoid
Tong*e to soft palate
%sophageal stage
ontract pharyngealm*scles
,pen esophag*s
Start peristalsis
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Degl*tition (s!allo!ing)
ontrol 3erves
"lossopharyngeal
:ag*s
Accessory
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%sophag*s
=s*ally collapsed (closed)
' constrictions Aortic arch
&eft primary $ronch*s Diaphragm
S*rro*nded $y S3S ple#*s (sympathetic nervous system)
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Peristalsis and Segmentation
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%sophag*s
Sphincters
=pper
&o!er
A$normalities
Achalasia
Atresia
6ernia
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Stomach
=s*ally @/ shaped
&eft sideB anterior to the spleen
M*co*s mem$rane
" cells C ma-e gastrin
"o$let cells C ma-e m*co*s
"astric pit C ,#yntic gland C Parietal cells C Ma-e6l
hief cells C ymogenic cells Pepsin
"astric lipase
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Anatomy of the Stomach
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Stomach
' m*scle layers ,$li9*e
irc*lar
&ongit*dinal
egions ardiac sphincter
*nd*s
Antr*m (pylor*s)
Pyloric sphincter
:asc*lar
nner s*rface thro!n intofolds C *gae
ontains enzymes that !or-
$est at p6 1E2
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Stomach
(gastric motility) *nctions
Mi# food
eservoir
Start digestion of
Protein 3*cleic acids
ats
Activates some enzymes
Destroy some $acteria
Ma-es intrinsic factor C
Small ntestine
Secretes digestiveenzymes Peptidases
AminoE
DiE TriE
S*crases
Maltase
&actase
Saccharidases DiE
TriE
&ipase
3*cleases
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Small ntestine
ontrol
e9*ires pancreatic
enzymes H $ile to
complete digestion
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&arge ntestine
%#tends from ileocecal valve to an*s
egions
ec*m C Appendi#
olon Ascending
Transverse
Descending
ect*m Anal canal
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Anatomy of the &arge ntestine
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&arge ntestine
6istology
3o villi
3o permanent circ*lar folds
Smooth m*scle
Taeniae coli
6a*stra
%piploic appendages
,ther!ise li-e rest of "l tract
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&arge ntestine
*nctions
Mechanical digestion 6a*stral ch*rning
Peristalsis
efle#es
"astroileal
"astrocolic
hemical digestion C
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Ho% $o#mones #eg!late
gast#i( empt"ing
CCK, gastrin, GIP(gastric inhibitory peptide),and secretin all promote constriction of pyloricsphincter
Secretin and GIP decrease force of antralcontractions
Gastrin and CCK increase force of antralcontractions. Under most circumstances the
effect on the pyloric sphincter predominatesll of these tend to slo! gastric emptying
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UOENAL CONTROL O5
GASTRIC EM+T3ING
A(i& (a!ses #elease o' se(#etin) 1aso1agal
#e'le6es) an& ente#i( ne!#al #e'le6es 5ats #elease CC* an& GI+
Amino a(i&s an& pepti&es #elease gast#in
H"pe#toni(it" #eleases !n($a#a(te#i7e&
ente#ogast#one9 an& eli(its a ne!#al #e'le6
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&iver
&ocation . 6ypochondri*m
%pigastric region
+ &o$es &eft
J*adrate
a*date
ight %ach lo$e has lo$*les C ontains hepatocytes C
S*rro*nd sin*soids C eed into central vein
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&iver
*nctions Ma-es $ile
Detergent C em*lsifiesfats
elease promoted $yK :ag*s n.
I
Secretin
ontains Fater
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&iver
Deto#ifiesremoves Dr*gs
Alcohol
Stores "ycolgen
:itamins (AB DB %B I) e and other minerals
holesterol
Activates vitamin D
etal
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&iver
D*al $lood s*pply
6epatic portal vein Direct inp*t from small
intestine 6epatic arteryvein
Direct lin-s to heart
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The D*oden*m and elated
,rgans
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The ,rgans and Positions in the
A$dominal avity
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Str*ct*res of the Alimentary
anal