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FUNCTIONFUNCTION Ingestion: oral cavityIngestion: oral cavity
Fragmentation: oral cavity, stomachFragmentation: oral cavity, stomach
Digestion: oral cavity, stomach, smallDigestion: oral cavity, stomach, small
n es nen es ne Absorption: small intestineAbsorption: small intestine
Elimination:Elimination: anal canalanal canal
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COMPONENT:COMPONENT:COMPONENT:COMPONENT:COMPONENT:COMPONENT:COMPONENT:COMPONENT:
Oral cavity
Digestive (alimentary) canal: pharynx esophagus
small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
large intestine: caecum, appendix, colon,rectum, anal canal
Glands: pancreas
liver
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ORAL CAVITYORAL CAVITYORAL CAVITYORAL CAVITY
Devided into two smaller cavity:
- Vestibule: the space between lips, cheeks andteeth
- Oral cavity proper: is bounded by the teethexternally, the floor of mouth inferiorly, and thehard and soft palates superiorly
Oral cavity is lined with stratified nonkeratinizedsquamous epithelium
Accessories organs: teeth, tongue, salivary gland
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TEETHTEETHTEETHTEETHTEETHTEETHTEETHTEETH
The anatomical features of a tooth include:
- the free enamel crown- the cervix (neck)
- the root
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- the pulp cavity
- the apical forament
Teeth are composed of three calcified tissues thatis enamelenamelenamelenamel, dentin,dentin,dentin,dentin, and cementum,cementum,cementum,cementum, and a looseconnective tissue, the pulp.pulp.pulp.pulp.
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HUMAN TOOTHHUMAN TOOTHHUMAN TOOTHHUMAN TOOTHHUMAN TOOTHHUMAN TOOTHHUMAN TOOTHHUMAN TOOTH
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Stratified squamous epithelium
lamina propria
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groove
taste buds
lamina propria
glands of
taste buds
Stratified squamous
epithelium
Von Ebner
Circumvallate papilla Folliate papilla
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SALIVARY GLANDSALIVARY GLANDSALIVARY GLANDSALIVARY GLANDSALIVARY GLANDSALIVARY GLANDSALIVARY GLANDSALIVARY GLAND
Salivary glands secrete salivasalivasalivasaliva. Saliva aids digestionby: (1) moistening food for enzyme action and taste;
(2) lubricating the bolus for swallowing; and (3)
initiating starch conversion into simple sugar by itsprincipal enzyme, amylaseamylaseamylaseamylase.
,
located below the external ears
Submandibular glandsSubmandibular glandsSubmandibular glandsSubmandibular glands: are located under shelter
of each side of mandible in the floor of the mouth
Sublingual glandsSublingual glandsSublingual glandsSublingual glands: is located under the mucousmembrane of the tongue, near the midline of the
floor of the mouth.
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PAROTID GLAND
serous acini
salivary duct
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SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
Connective tissue septa
lobuli
acini
Intralobular ducts
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SUBLINGUAL GLANDSUBLINGUAL GLANDSUBLINGUAL GLANDSUBLINGUAL GLAND
interlobular duct
connective tissue septa
lobuli
Intralobular ducts
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ALIMENTARY CANALALIMENTARY CANALALIMENTARY CANALALIMENTARY CANAL
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GENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTUREGENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTUREGENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTUREGENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
The wall of alimentary canal consist of
four layers (tunics), from withinoutwards they are:
,
sub mucosa,
muscularis external, and
serosa or adventitia.
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MucosaMucosaMucosaMucosa, consist of:
- epithelium- lamina propria: an area of loose connective tissue
containing glands and components of circulatorysystem
- muscularis mucosa: a thin longitudinal or circularsmooth muscle
Sub mucosaSub mucosaSub mucosaSub mucosa: connective tissue zone containing
glands, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nervesMuscularis externaMuscularis externaMuscularis externaMuscularis externa: consist of two prominent layers of
smooth muscle, the inner layer is circular, the outeris longitudinal
Serosa or adventitiaSerosa or adventitiaSerosa or adventitiaSerosa or adventitia: consist of loose connectivetissue, largely of collagenous and elastic fiber; fatcells, vessels, and nerves.
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PharynxPharynxPharynxPharynxPharynxPharynxPharynxPharynx
The pharynx is fibromuscular tube extending fromthe base of the skull to the lower level of the larynx,as intersection of the respiratory and digestivesystem
The pharynx has three region:- the upper part is nasopharynxnasopharynxnasopharynxnasopharynx,
- the middle part it oropharynxoropharynxoropharynxoropharynx, and
- the lower part is laryngopharynxlaryngopharynxlaryngopharynxlaryngopharynx.
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EsophagusEsophagusEsophagusEsophagusEsophagusEsophagusEsophagusEsophagus
MucosaMucosaMucosaMucosa- epithelium a stratified squamous nonkeratinstratified squamous nonkeratinstratified squamous nonkeratinstratified squamous nonkeratin----
inizedinizedinizedinized epithelium
- lamina propria contain esophageal cardiac
glands producing mucus- muscularis mucosa is composed mostly of
longitudinal smooth muscle fibers
proper producing mucus to facilitate the movement offood down the esophagus
Muscularis externaMuscularis externaMuscularis externaMuscularis externa inner: circular; outer: longitudinal
- the upper third: skeletal muscle fibers
- the middle third: skeletal and smooth muscle
fibers
- the lower third: smooth muscle fibers
AdventitiaAdventitiaAdventitiaAdventitia:
attaches the esophagus to the trachea
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EsophagusEsophagusEsophagusEsophagusEsophagusEsophagusEsophagusEsophagus
Lumen
Stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa
Sub mucosa
Circular layer of muscularis
Longitudinal layer of muscularis
Adventitia
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StomachStomachStomachStomachStomachStomachStomachStomach
Devide into four region; (1) cardia, (2) fundus, (3)body or corpus, and (4) pyloris
MucosaMucosaMucosaMucosa of the empty stomach is thrown into the deep,make irregular longitudinal folds called rugae.rugae.rugae.rugae. The
,
invaginates into the lamina propria to form gastricgastricgastricgastricpitspitspitspits (foveolaefoveolaefoveolaefoveolae)
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The cell lining the gastric glands of mucosa are:
- surface epithelium (simple columnar) secrete
mucus
- chief (zymogenic) cells produce the digestive
enzymes pepsin, rennin and lipase- parietal (oxyntic) cells produce hydrocloric acid
- mucous neck cells along with the surface epithelium
presumably protect the stomach lining fromautodisgestion by HCl
- enteroendocrine cells secrete gastrointestinalhormones (secretin, gastrin, cholecystokininsecretin, gastrin, cholecystokininsecretin, gastrin, cholecystokininsecretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin)
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Sub mucosaSub mucosaSub mucosaSub mucosa contains Meissners nerve plexus
Muscularis mucosaMuscularis mucosaMuscularis mucosaMuscularis mucosa has three layers of smoothmuscle:
- inner: oblique layer
- middle: circular layer
- outer: lon itudinal la er
Between circular and longitudinal layer liesAuerbachs myenteric nerve plexus
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StomachStomachStomachStomachStomachStomachStomachStomach
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Stomach with gastric pits
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StomachStomachStomachStomachStomachStomachStomachStomach
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StomachStomachStomachStomachStomachStomachStomachStomach
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SMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine of human being is composed ofthree regions:
- duodenum, 25-30 cm long- jejunum, 2,5-3 m long
- ileum, 4-4,5 m long
Function:
- to complete the digestion of food by appropriate
enzymes
- to selectively absorb the finished product ofdigestion into the blood and lymph vessels
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GENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OFGENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OFGENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OFGENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OFGENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OFGENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OFGENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OFGENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OFSMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINESMALL INTESTINE
The mucosamucosamucosamucosa form villi - projections that extend into thegut lumen. The villi covered with simple columnarabsorptive epithelial cell and goblet cells interposedthem. The surface of columnar epithelial cells provided
with microvilli to increase the surface absorptive area.The lamina propria contain intestinal glands, known ascrypts of Lieberkuhn that composed by columnare ithelial cells oblet cells Paneth cells and
enteroendocrine cells. The last cells secrete intestinalhormone such as secretin and cholecystokinin.
The muscularis mucosamuscularis mucosamuscularis mucosamuscularis mucosa consist of an inner circular andan outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
The sub mucosasub mucosasub mucosasub mucosa contains Meissners nerve plexus The muscularis externamuscularis externamuscularis externamuscularis externa, with Auerbachs myenteric
plexus intervening.
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DuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenum
Special characteristic :Special characteristic :Special characteristic :Special characteristic :
abundant leaf-shaped villi, but lowestlowestlowestlowest in height
prominent Brunners gland in the sub mucosa
an incomplete serosa replaced by an extensive
a ven a
the termination of bile and pancreatic ducts
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DuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenum
1. Mucosa1. Mucosa1. Mucosa1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa2. Submucosa2. Submucosa2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis mucosa3. Muscularis mucosa3. Muscularis mucosa3. Muscularis mucosa
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DuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenumDuodenum
Intestinal villi
Simple columnar epithelium
Lamina propria
Crypt of Lieberkuhn
Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa
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Brush border
Lamina propria
Goblet cell
INTESTINAL VILUS OF DUODENUMINTESTINAL VILUS OF DUODENUMINTESTINAL VILUS OF DUODENUMINTESTINAL VILUS OF DUODENUM
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JejunumJejunumJejunumJejunumJejunumJejunumJejunumJejunum
Special characteristic:
the fingerlike villi are the tallesttallesttallesttallest in height
the lacteals are well developed for maximum fat
absorption
J jJ j
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JejunumJejunum
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Jejunum with villiMuscularis
Glands
Villi
Lumen
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IleumIleumIleumIleumIleumIleumIleumIleum
Special characteristic:
abundant lymph nodules (Peyers patchesPeyers patchesPeyers patchesPeyers patches) in lamina
propria of the mucosa.
IleumIleum
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IleumIleum
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IleumIleumIleumIleumIleumIleumIleumIleum
1. Mucosa
2. Lymph nodule
3. u mucosa
4. Muscularis externa
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LARGE INTESTINELARGE INTESTINELARGE INTESTINELARGE INTESTINELARGE INTESTINELARGE INTESTINELARGE INTESTINELARGE INTESTINE
Is composed of cecum, appendix, colon, rectum,anal canal
The large intestine possesses no villi
Contain crypts of Lieberkuhn in its lamina propria
Function:- absorbs water
- forms feces
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CecumCecumCecumCecumCecumCecumCecumCecum
That is the beginning of large intestine, a large
blind sac that extends caudad beyond the ileocecalvalve
Pro ectin from the blind end of the cecum is the
vermiform appendix, a small worm- shaped tube(about 10 cm long, 1 cm wide). It characterized by
multiple and large lymph nodules in the lamina
propria.
C lC lC lC lC lC lC lC l
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ColonColonColonColonColonColonColonColon
About 1,3 m long, consist of ascending,transverse and descending regions
The surface epithelium consist of threetypes of cells:
- sim le columnar absor tive cells
---- abundant goblet cellsgoblet cellsgoblet cellsgoblet cells- stem cells give rise to the absorptivecells
The crypts of Lieberkuhncrypts of Lieberkuhncrypts of Lieberkuhncrypts of Lieberkuhn of the laminapropria are longer than those of the smallintestine, contain numerous goblet cellsgoblet cellsgoblet cellsgoblet cells
The muscularis mucosa consist of inner circular
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The muscularis mucosa consist of inner circular
and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers
The sub mucosa resembles that of the jejunum or
ileum
The muscularis externa is composed of inner
circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
layers. Auerbachs plexus occupied between the
teniae coliteniae coliteniae coliteniae coli, three flat ribbons of longitudinallysmooth muscle. These are responsible for the
formation of haustra colihaustra colihaustra colihaustra coli (sacculation)
The colon has both serosa and adventitia. Theserosa presents small, fat-filled pouches, the
appendices epiploicaeappendices epiploicaeappendices epiploicaeappendices epiploicae
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ColonColonColonColon
Simple columnar epithelium
Lieberkuhn Gland
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
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RectumRectumRectumRectumRectumRectumRectumRectum
10-12 cm long
The teniae coli flatten out to form a uniform,
longitudinal sheet of muscle
The mucosa is thicker wih prominent submucosalveins
Crypts of Lieberkuhn are longer (0.7 mm), are linedalmost entirely by goblet cells
Lymph nodule are less abundant
Its serosa is progressively replaced by an adventitia
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Anal canalAnal canalAnal canalAnal canalAnal canalAnal canalAnal canalAnal canal
2.5-4 cm long
The mucosa, sub mucosa and a few longitudinallysmooth muscle fibers form 6-10 longitudinal folds
called anal columns of Morgagni The epithelium is stratified squamous type. At the
anal orifice, the epithelium joints the epidermis of.
enlarged apocrine-type sweat gland, the circumanal gland,,,, and sebaceous gland are present.
At the anal orifice, the circular layer of smoothmuscle thickens to form the internal anal sphincter
More distally the superficial skeletal muscle fiberare organized into the external anal sphincter.
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GLANDSGLANDSGLANDSGLANDSAssociated WithAssociated WithAssociated WithAssociated WithAssociated WithAssociated WithAssociated WithAssociated With
LIVERLIVERLIVERLIVER PANCREASPANCREASPANCREASPANCREAS
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LiverLiverLiverLiverLiverLiverLiverLiver
The liver is the largest gland of the body, 1200-1500 g
weight, surrounded by Glissons capsuleGlissons capsuleGlissons capsuleGlissons capsule, a thin
connective tissue.
Anatomical unit of liver is he atic lobule. It is
polyhedral or hexagonal, surrounded by a connectivetissue derived from Glissons capsule.
Hepatic lobule:
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Hepatic lobule:
- at the center of each lobule lies a central vein,a branch of hepatic vein
- contains sheets or plates of hepatic cells
(hepatocytes) radiate outward from the
central vein. Between the plates of hepatic cells liesblood sinusoids that partially lining by Kupffer cells,a phagocytic cell for engulf whole and fragmented
.
- area in the middle of three adjacent hepatic lobulecalled portal area or portal canal. It
contains arteriole hepatic, portal venule, nerves,lymphatics, bile ducts, and fat.
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As the exocrine gland, liver synthesize bile by its
hepatocytes storage in gallbladder lead to
duodenum for emulsify fats and increase absorption
of lipids.
As the endocrine gland, liver synthesize and
release numerous lasma rotein and com onents,
such as fibrinogen, urea, albumen, prothrombin,and lipoproteins.
LiverLiverLiverLiverLiverLiverLiverLiver
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Hepatic lobule
Portal connective tissue
(Glissons capsule)
Central vein
Portal triad
One portion of pigs liver
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Central vein of a liver lobule HepatocytesSinusoids
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Branch of the hepatic artery
Branch of the bile duct
Branch of the Portal vein
Portal triad of liver
Portal connective tissues
Hepatocytes
PPPPPPPP
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PancreasPancreasPancreasPancreasPancreasPancreasPancreasPancreas
Exocrine portion(90%)
Endocrine portion
(10%)
Exocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreas
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Exocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreasExocrine portion of pancreas
The exocrine portion is a compound acini gland,
composed of 6-8 low columnar or pyramidal
serous cells surrounding a small lumen.
Secretion: ancreatic uice contain enz mes
trypsin, amylase, maltase, and lipase
lead toduodenumfor help digestive function.
Endocrine portion of pancreasEndocrine portion of pancreasEndocrine portion of pancreasEndocrine portion of pancreasEndocrine portion of pancreasEndocrine portion of pancreasEndocrine portion of pancreasEndocrine portion of pancreas
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ndocrine portion of pancreasEndocrine portion of pancreasEndocrine portion of pancreasndocrine portion of pancreasndocrine portion of pancreasEndocrine portion of pancreasEndocrine portion of pancreasndocrine portion of pancreas
The endocrine portion is islets of Langerhans or
islets tissue, are scattered among the acini.
Islets of Langerhans consist of:
- alpha cells: are located mostly on the periphery of
islets, compose about 20% of the cells population;
secrete glucagon (glycogen glucose)
- beta cells: smallest, most numerous (70%), are
located on the central area of islets; secrete
insulin (glucose glycogen)
- delta cells: largest, few (5%); secrete somatostatin
(inhibit the release of growth hormone)
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PPPPPPPP
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PancreasPancreasPancreasPancreasPancreasPancreasPancreasPancreas
Connective tissue septa
Acini glands
Islets of Langerhans
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Centroacinar cells
Islet of Langerhans
Acini glands
Exocrine and endocrine gland of pancreas