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Digital Electronics Digital Electronics and File Managementand File Management
Unit DUnit D
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ObjectivesObjectives
Introduce Digital Data Introduce Digital Data RepresentationRepresentationIntroduce Integrated CircuitsIntroduce Integrated CircuitsExplore Microprocessor Explore Microprocessor Performance FactorsPerformance FactorsUnderstand Computer Memory: Understand Computer Memory: RAMRAMExplore Computer MemoryExplore Computer Memory
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ObjectivesObjectives
Introduce Computer File BasicsIntroduce Computer File Basics
Understand File LocationsUnderstand File Locations
Explore File ManagementExplore File Management
Understand Logical File StorageUnderstand Logical File Storage
Use FilesUse Files
Understand Physical File StorageUnderstand Physical File Storage
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Digital Data Representation Digital Data Representation
The form in which information The form in which information is conceived, manipulated is conceived, manipulated and recorded on a digital and recorded on a digital device.device.
Uses discrete Uses discrete digits/electronic signalsdigits/electronic signals- 1,0 (bits - binary digits)1,0 (bits - binary digits)- On/Off On/Off - Yes/NoYes/No
Byte = 8 bits = 1 character Byte = 8 bits = 1 character
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Coding Systems Coding Systems
Depends on computer Depends on computer
ASCIIASCII (7 bits) (7 bits)
Extended ASCIIExtended ASCII (8 bits - (8 bits - current PCs)current PCs)
EBCIDICEBCIDIC (8 bits - older (8 bits - older IBM machines )IBM machines )
UnicodeUnicode (16 bits - good (16 bits - good for languages - future)for languages - future)
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Quantifying Bytes and BitsQuantifying Bytes and Bits
Bit = b Bit = b
Nibble = Half of a byteNibble = Half of a byte
Byte = B Byte = B
Kilobyte (KB) (1024 bytes)Kilobyte (KB) (1024 bytes)
Megabyte (MB) (Million bytes)Megabyte (MB) (Million bytes)
Gigabyte (GB) (Billion bytes)Gigabyte (GB) (Billion bytes)
Terabyte (TB) (Trillion bytes)Terabyte (TB) (Trillion bytes)
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Integrated Circuits Integrated Circuits
A super thin slice of semi–conducting A super thin slice of semi–conducting material packed with microscopic material packed with microscopic circuit elements such as wires, circuit elements such as wires,
transistors, capacitors, logic gates, transistors, capacitors, logic gates, and resistors. Bits are represented as and resistors. Bits are represented as
electrical pulses that travel over electrical pulses that travel over these circuits. these circuits.
Also called a chip, microchip Also called a chip, microchip and computer chip.and computer chip.
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Integrated Circuit UsesIntegrated Circuit Uses
Microprocessors Microprocessors
MemoryMemory
Support circuitrySupport circuitry
Chip Chip
PackagePackage
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Microprocessor Packages Microprocessor Packages
DIPs (dual in-line packages)DIPs (dual in-line packages)
DIMMs (dual in-line memory DIMMs (dual in-line memory modules)modules)
PGAs (Pin-grid arrays)PGAs (Pin-grid arrays)
SECs (single-edge contact SECs (single-edge contact cartridges)cartridges)
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Microprocessor (Processor)Microprocessor (Processor)
Designed to process Designed to process instructions instructions
Largest chip on Largest chip on motherboard motherboard
Intel: world’s largest Intel: world’s largest chipmaker (Pentiums)chipmaker (Pentiums)
AMD: Cheaper chips AMD: Cheaper chips (Athlons)(Athlons)
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Motherboard Motherboard
Main circuit board Main circuit board
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Microprocessor ComponentsMicroprocessor Components
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Microprocessor PerformanceMicroprocessor Performance
Speed: microprocessor clock set Speed: microprocessor clock set clock speed (MHz or GHz )clock speed (MHz or GHz )
World Size: number of bits the World Size: number of bits the microprocessor can manipulate microprocessor can manipulate at one time (32-bit or 64-bit)at one time (32-bit or 64-bit)
Cache: high speed memory Cache: high speed memory (kilobytes)(kilobytes)
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Microprocessor PerformanceMicroprocessor Performance
Instruction Set Type: Instruction Set Type: – CISC (Complete instruction set computer)CISC (Complete instruction set computer)– RISC (Reduced instruction set computer)RISC (Reduced instruction set computer)
Processing Technique:Processing Technique:– Serial Serial – Pipelining Pipelining – ParallelParallel
Look at benchmark testing to Look at benchmark testing to comparecompare
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Memory Types Memory Types
Random Access Memory Random Access Memory (RAM)(RAM)
Virtual Memory Virtual Memory
Read-Only Memory (ROM)Read-Only Memory (ROM)
CMOSCMOS
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RAMRAM
Temporary (volatile) holding area for Temporary (volatile) holding area for data, application software and operating data, application software and operating system system Expensive chip set Expensive chip set CircuitryCircuitryLess storage than disk Less storage than disk Capacitors hold bits Capacitors hold bits Capacity measured in MB (64 - 512 MB)Capacity measured in MB (64 - 512 MB)Speed in nanoseconds Speed in nanoseconds
Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory
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RAM Types RAM Types
SDRAM SDRAM – Synchronous Dynamic RAMSynchronous Dynamic RAM– fast and cheap fast and cheap – DIMMS DIMMS
RDRAM RDRAM – Rambus Dynamic RAMRambus Dynamic RAM– faster and more expensive faster and more expensive – RIMMs AND SO-RIMMsRIMMs AND SO-RIMMs
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Virtual Memory Virtual Memory
Disk based Disk based
Stores parts of programs and Stores parts of programs and data until they are needed by the data until they are needed by the processorprocessor
Works with RAM, but is slowerWorks with RAM, but is slower
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ROMROM
Permanent on a chip from Permanent on a chip from manufacturermanufacturer
Holds computer start up routine, Holds computer start up routine, which are hard-wired instructionswhich are hard-wired instructions
PROM: programmable via “burning” PROM: programmable via “burning”
EPROM: erasable EPROM: erasable
ROM BIOS (basic input/output ROM BIOS (basic input/output system)system)
Read-Only MemoryRead-Only Memory
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CMOSCMOS
Battery powered Battery powered More permanent than RAM; less More permanent than RAM; less permanent than ROM permanent than ROM Stores basic computer Stores basic computer configurationconfigurationMust be updated via CMOS setup Must be updated via CMOS setup program when configuration program when configuration changedchanged
Complementary Metal Oxide SemiconductorComplementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
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Computer File CharacteristicsComputer File Characteristics
A collection of data on a storage A collection of data on a storage medium medium
Filename conventions Filename conventions
Filename extensionFilename extension
.txt.txt.txt.txt .jpg.jpg.jpg.jpg .exe.exe.exe.exe .doc.doc.doc.doc
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File Locations File Locations
Device drive letters A: C: D:Device drive letters A: C: D:
Directory Directory – Root Directory (C:\)Root Directory (C:\)– Subdirectory or folder (C:\Documents)Subdirectory or folder (C:\Documents)– File specification or Path File specification or Path – File size and dateFile size and date
Filename extensionFilename
Secondary folder
Primary folder
Drive letter
C:\Music\Reggae\Marley One Love.mp3 C:\Music\Reggae\Marley One Love.mp3
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Deleting FilesDeleting Files
Move to Recycle Bin in Windows Move to Recycle Bin in Windows
UndeleteUndelete
Empty Bin Empty Bin
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File Management File Management
Helps you organize your Helps you organize your computer files computer files
File/Save and File/Open File/Save and File/Open
Utilities like Windows Explorer or Utilities like Windows Explorer or MAC Finder MAC Finder – list, find, move, copy, delete, renamelist, find, move, copy, delete, rename
Save vs. Save AsSave vs. Save As
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Logical File Storage Logical File Storage
Filing cabinet modelFiling cabinet model
Metaphor to help you Metaphor to help you visualize files on a visualize files on a storage device storage device
Windows ExplorerWindows Explorer
Folder hierarchyFolder hierarchy
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Using Files Using Files
Start application (open Word)Start application (open Word)
Create file (type text)Create file (type text)
Save file (File/Save)Save file (File/Save)
Close file and application (File/Exit)Close file and application (File/Exit)
Open file again for editing (File/Open)Open file again for editing (File/Open)
Edit file Edit file
Save file Save file – File/SaveFile/Save– File/Save AsFile/Save As
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Physical File Storage Physical File Storage
Storage medium formatted Storage medium formatted into tracks /sectors into tracks /sectors electronicallyelectronicallyFile system keeps track of File system keeps track of names and file locations.names and file locations.– Windows uses FAT32 OR Windows uses FAT32 OR
NTFSNTFS
Clusters: a group of Clusters: a group of sectors that speeds up sectors that speeds up storage and retrievalstorage and retrieval
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Physical File Storage Physical File Storage
FAT (File Allocation Table) on FAT (File Allocation Table) on each disk keeps track of where each disk keeps track of where all files are and which clusters all files are and which clusters are empty. If damaged, you lose are empty. If damaged, you lose everything.everything.
Defragmentation Utility Defragmentation Utility rearranges files to be stored in rearranges files to be stored in contiguous clusters.contiguous clusters.
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Tech talk: How a microprocessor Tech talk: How a microprocessor executes instructions executes instructions
Complex task broken down into a Complex task broken down into a series of simple steps or series of simple steps or instructions instructions
Instructions are in machine code Instructions are in machine code (0s and 1s) and consist of: (0s and 1s) and consist of: – Op code: Operation code like Add, Op code: Operation code like Add,
Compare, etcCompare, etc– Operand: data address for operationOperand: data address for operation
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Tech talk: How a microprocessor Tech talk: How a microprocessor executes instructions executes instructions
Instruction Set is built into Instruction Set is built into processor processor
Instructional Cycle is the execution Instructional Cycle is the execution of a single instructionof a single instruction
Fetch InstructionInterpret Instruction
Execute Instruction
Increment Instruction Pointer
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IssueIssue
Who Who invented invented
the the computer?computer?
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Digital Electronics Digital Electronics and File Managementand File Management
EndEnd