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Digital Image Fundamentals
Human Vision
Lights and Electromagnetic spectrum
Image Sensing & Acquisition
Sampling & Quantization
Basic Relationships b/w Pixels
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Digital Image Processing 2
Important dates 9/29: Project grouping (2~3 members/group) 10/6: First image processing GUI due!!
OpenCV ImageMagick ImageJ Ximage or ImageX
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Digital Image Processing 3
A Cross Section of the Human Eye
• Iris – 虹膜• Lens – 水晶體• Cornea – 角膜• Sclera – 鞏膜• Choroid – 脈絡膜
• Retina – 視網膜• Fovea – 視乳頭• Ciliary body – 睫狀體
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Digital Image Processing 4
Human Vision
Rods: 108
Shape/form perception Large dynamic range Limited contrast Scotopic (dim-light) vision
Cones 5 X 106
3-channel color perception Photopic (bright-light) vision
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Digital Image Processing 5
Distribution of Rods and Cones in the Retina
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Digital Image Processing 6
Image Formation in the Eye
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Digital Image Processing 7
Range of Subjective Brightness
• Visual system cannot operate over full range of subjective brightness simultaneous
• Via brightness adaptation
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Digital Image Processing 8
Brightness Discrimination
Weber ratio / intensity
• ∆Ic – increment of illumination
discriminable 50% of the time I
• Small ∆Ic/I => good discrimination; otherwise, poor.
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Digital Image Processing 9
Perceived Brightness
Two phenomena
• Undershoot or overshoot around the boundaries; Mach band pattern
• Simultaneous contrast
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Digital Image Processing 10
Optical Illusions
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Digital Image Processing 11
Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Digital Image Processing 12
Image Sensing
• Single sensor
• Sensor strip
• Sensor array
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Digital Image Processing 13
A Simple Image Model
i(x,y) – illumination (from light source) r(x,y) – reflectance of illuminated
surface (reflectivity)
Lambertian surface Looks the same in all directions
Specular (mirror-like) surface Incidence angle = reflectance angle
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Digital Image Processing 14
A Simple Image Model (continued)
f(x,y) = i(x,y) X r(x,y) >= 0
r(x,y) 0.93 white snow 0.01 black velvet
i(x,y) 9000 foot-candle Sun 0.01 foot-candle full moon
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Digital Image Processing 15
Sampling & Quantization
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Digital Image Processing 16
A Digital Image of MXN Array
)1,1()1,1()0,1(
)0,2(
)1,1(
)1,0()2,0(
)1,1()0,1(
)1,0()0,0(
),(
NMfMfMf
Mf
Nf
Nff
ff
ff
yxf
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Digital Image Processing 17
A Digital Image (continued)
• Image Sampling – Spatial-coordinate digitization
• Gray-level Quantization – amplitude digitization
N = size of image = (number of columns) X (number of rows)
G (number of gray levels) = 2k
Disk storage needed = N * ceiling(k/8)
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Digital Image Processing 18
Storage Bits for N and k
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Digital Image Processing 19
Spatial Resolution
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Digital Image Processing 20
Amplitude Quantization
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Digital Image Processing 21
Level of Detail (LOD)
Low level of detail High level of detail
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Digital Image Processing 22
Isopreference
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Digital Image Processing 23
Scaling and Interpolation
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Digital Image Processing 24
Basic Image Topology
Neighbors of a Pixel 4-neighbor and 8-neighbor 4-adjacent and 8-adjacent
Connectivity 4-connectivity 8-connectivity M-connectivity (mixed connectivity)
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Digital Image Processing 25
M-Connectivity
})()({)( (ii)
or ),( (i)
:set foregroundrt adjacent w are and
44
4
VqNpNpNq
pNq
Vm-qp
D
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Digital Image Processing 26
Further Pixel Relationships
Connected Component Labeling Relations, Equivalence, and Transitive
Closure Distance Measures Arithmetic/Logic Operations Mask Operations
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Digital Image Processing 27
Logic Mask Operations
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Digital Image Processing 28
Weighted Mask Operation
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Digital Image Processing 29
Utilizing ALU Parallel Processing