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guns or rule PREHISTORIC W’
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DYSALOTOSAl/Rl/SHerds of gazelle-like Dysalotosauruspounded the prehistoric plains.
ysalotosaurus was a plant-.eating hypsilophodontid.The hypsilophodontids were
the most successful family ofdinosaurs.Fossil records show therewere
hypsilophodontids on Earth for around100million years and that they spreadright across the globe. Compare that withhumans.We’Ve only been around for
200,000 years!
ALL IN THE FAMILY
Hypsilophodontids are sometimes called‘dinosaur gazelles’because they could
sprint very fast, as gazelles do today. A
member of this family, Hypsilophodon,is reckoned by experts to be one of the
fastest dinosaurs ever. Hypsilophodongrew between 1.4mand 2.4m long.
Dysalotosaurus was bigger than
Hypsilophodon and probably slower. Buta strong adult Dysalotosaurus could still
outrunmost hungrymeat-eaters.
SPEEDY SPRINTERS
Making a dash for
safetywas the only waythat a frightenedDysalotosaurus could
protect itself. It had no
weapons or armour. But
Dysalotosaurus did have
stronghind legs.
MUSCLE POWER .
Dysalotosaurus’ legswere operated bypowerful muscles at the top, and theyworked rather like a pendulum. The legsswung backwards and forwards Veryquickly, helping the dinosaur to build up
speed and dash along. Fast—moVing deerand gazelles today have similar legs to
Dysalotosaurus. Like them, the dinosaur
had short thigh bones and longshin bones.
FEETAND TAIL TRICKS
Dysalotosaurus also had strong, sharp-clawed feet which gripped the groundsecurely andhelpedpush it forwards. Its
long tail also helped as it dashed along.
Dysalotosaurus’tailwould not have trailedon the groundbutwould have stood outbehind the dinosaur as it ran. The tail acted
as a balance, rather like a tightropevvalker’s pole helps someone to balance on a
rope. The stiff tail helped to steady thedinosaur’s body, allowing it to dart fromside to side as it ran:This would helpDysalotosazgwus to escape from predators.
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CHEEKY CHEWER
Herols ofDysalotosaurus probably grazeolzfion the lushplants that grew between
Q
the lakes and rivers of the flood plains. ~45-
Dysalotosauruswas
an;e;fficient eater,
.nippingoff tender shpiotsfwith its horny
.eak. Then it cheW§3”?.the'bits to pulp, ‘«g .O
NAME:Dysa/otosaurus (_ofi-sal-o-toe-Q-rus)means ’lostwood reptile’GROUP: dinosaurSIZE: 2.4m long
’
FOOD: plantsLIVED: about l4O millionyears ago in the Late
Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Period inAtrica
2
ready for swallowi Is
idlfD3/“salotosaurus bitoffmore foodgthan 1. could chew in one go,it stored théfiextra in itsfroomy cheekpouches to chew later.
i
O
ON THE PROWLV
Peaceful plant—eate1;s such as
Like many oftod
Dysalotosaurus
TWO INTO ONE
Dysa/otosaurus isknown From just a Few
incomplete skulls and scattered bones foundinTanzania, East Africa. The tossils look
very like another hypsilophodontid,called Dryosaurus, trom North America.Some experts believe that these Finds are
really Dryosaurus bones.
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O U f
1994
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Dysalotosaurusor
Dryosaurus?
Experts do not
agree about these
bones found in
Tanzania, East
Africa. The femur
or thigh bone
(right) is from the'
‘right leg and is
196mm long.The bone below is
a vertebra from
the tail.
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TELEOOERASTeleoceras was a relative of today'srhinoceros,but it behaved more like
a hippopotamus.
hinos only live in Africa andAsia today. Butmillions of
years ago, there were three
families of rhinos, spreadacross theworld. Teleoceras fossils have
beenfound in
Nebraska,USA.
WATER LIFE
Teleoceras was a relative of today’s rhino,butwas closer in shape to today’s hippo.This bulky plant—eater had a long, barrel-
shaped body and very short, stumpy legs.It Was difficult for Teleoceras toWalk
because its bodywas so close to the
ground. In fact, it probably spentmuch of
the time livingin
and underwater.
USEFUL HORNTeleoceras had a short, cone-shapedhornon its nose. The plant-eater could have
(“/7
left}?. ? _ 4 m _ _ » {
MORSEFAMS.NAME: Te/eoceras (E-lee-oh-fl-as) means’long and horned’.GROUP: mammal.SIZE: 4m long.FOOD: plants.LIVED: about40 to l0 millionyears ago in the
—ate Eocene toEarlyMiocene inNorthAmerica
HAIRY NOSE
Many early rhinos hadhorns. But theseoften lookedmore fearsome than theyWere.Most Were just made ofmattedhair.
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DIADEOTDiadecteswas a prehistoric puzzle.
. - s .
I,
Was it an amphibian?Or was it
perhaps a reptile? ,
mphibians can live on landand in Water. So can reptiles.Butmost amphibians layjelly-like eggs in Water,While l< 3m
A
1»
reptiles can lay hard-shelled eggs on land.
SKULL SOLUTION
Diadectes’ skeleton looked like a reptile’s.And the huge creature was able to move
about on land. But experts now believethatDiadectes was an amphibianbecauseof the shape of its skull.
NAME:Diadecfes (dy-a-Q-tees) means
’fhrough bifer’GROUP: amphibian .
SIZE: 3m longA
FOOD: plants, shellfishEARLYVEGETARIAN LIVED: about 270 million years ago, in theDiadectes Was one of the biggest land Early Permian Period inTexas, USA
animals alive in the Early Permian, morethan 270 millionyears ago. It may even
have been the earliest land—living FISHY FOOD
vertebrate (animalwith a backbone) that Experts believe Diadectes may have eatenhadplants as part of its diet. shellfish, too. Perhaps it cracked them’/it
ng jaws andteeii
' . inpenwith its stro. 5’
’.g.«,V
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DINOSAUR SAFARI
TRIASSICSOUTHERN EUROPE
Imagine you could travel about 210
millionyears back in time. Look around
you. Nothing looks the same as
today. You are in a Triassic landscape!
ur safari begins on the shore of avast landmass.All the continents
~ I
’
of the world are joined together inone great continent called Pangaea.A
huge inlet of the surrounding ocean almostcuts this landmass in two. This inlet iscalled the Tethys Sea, and you are now
standing on its north—western shore.
AN UNFINISHED CONTINENT
Europe has not been completed yet. Onlyhalf of it exists. In the continent to thenorth ofyou lie mountains. This regionwill eventually become northernEurope.To your south there is nothing but sea.
Vast banks ofmud and sand are buildingup on the bed of the Tethys Sea. Thesewill
gradually turn into rocks and be squeezed
up as the mountains we call the Alps.
HOT SHORELINEYou are close to the Equator. It is hot and
dry. A paddle in the sea seems a good idea,but thewater is warmer than you are!Dust and sand from the northernplateaushave blown across, forming deserts. Thesea currents build up huge sandbars alongthe coast. Your route will take you along
this coast towards the east.
1.998
A DRY SEA BED
As you travel, you leave the mountainsbehind.A great plain stretches northacross the continent. In the Permian
Period, and the earlier part of the Triassic,there was a Vast inland sea here. The sea
spread northwards from the Tethys right
across Europe. It reached to the area thatwill one day become the North Sea and theBritish Isles. Now that sea has dried up,leavingdazzling lakes of salt.
STREAMS CARRY STONESHere and there, streams flow from the
surroundingmountains, topping up thelakes. The streams carry small bouldersand pebbles. These are beginning to build
up to form rocky slopes around the plain.
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mountains
streams
arid plain
; on this Salt PanT:is posiitiion of
itoclax/.
Perhaps part of the landscapeon your walk will look like this
oasis today.
BEASTS OF THE SEA
The land seems dry andbarren. But tothe south the sea is full of life.You can
spot coil-shelled ammonites and othershellfishes washed up along the shore.
Nothosaurs have slunk up on the beach to
lay their eggs.Related to the ancestors of
plesiosaurs, these 3m—long reptiles havewebbed feet and a fin on their tail.
WATCH OUT e NOTHOSAURSABOUT!
The nothosaurs’ longjaws ar e full of
vicious, fish—catching teeth, and can beused as dangerous Weapons.Warily,
you skirt round these fierce-lookingcreatures and continue your journey
along the Triassic shore.What other
surpriseswill the journey have in store?
1999
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FLYINGHIGHFor a long time, the only signs of life alongthe desolate shore are the pterosaurs.
They soar and wheel on the air currents,
settlingtofeed on
thewashed—up
bodies of
dead sea creatures. The biggest creatures
washed up on the shore are the placodontslike Placodus. It looks like a newt, but is
as big as you! Its short, heavy jaws andbigblunt teeth are ideal for crushing the
shellfishes on-which it lives.
IN THE WATER ,
Hidden from view, in the water, are some
of the earliest ichthyosaurs,such
asMixosaurus. Longand slender, butwithout
the fish-like tail of the later ichthyosaurs,
they dive through the spray, hunting for
the fishes they live on.
SPONGE REEF
Just offshore, the waves are breakingon a
reef—a barrier of rock built up by living
things. Today’s reefs in tropicalwaters are
made of coral. The Triassicreefs,
however,have beenbuilt up from sponges.
DESERT LIFE
Ahead, through the shimmer ofheat and
shifting sand, you see hills. Limestone cliffs
rise up before you. Despite the dryness,
plants seem to flourish here, especially inthe moist streams. Andwhere there is
vegetation, there must be animals too! You
soon spotaherd ofPlateosaurus. They are
browsing on the tree ferns and any other
plants they can find. They can rear up on
their hind legs to reach the succulentleaves at the tops of the trees.
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ROCK-POOL FEEDERSOn the rocks at the foot of the nearestcliffs you see long, waving necks, liketentacles. They belong to a small group of
Tanystropheus, a strange, lizard-likeanimal. They sit in the hot sun, dippingtheir long necks into the rock pools to findthe fishes and shellfishes they feed on.
TRACK MAKER REVEALEDYou scramble over rocks and find yourselfin a sandy cove. On the sand is a set of
strange footprints. They look a bit like themarks ofhumanhands,but with the
thumb to the outside. Scientists call thesefootprints Cheirotherium (‘hand beast’),and for a long time they had no ideawhatkind ofanimalmade them.But look! Yousuddenly see the creature that made them.
CROC IN CAVEThe crocodile—like animal calledTicinosuchus is the ‘hand beast’. It
scampers away from you, dodging up the
rubble at the base of the cliff anddisappears into a cave.
SHELTER FROMTHE STORM
Suddenly, the sky grows dark.A chillwindswirls up from the sea. A black cloudcovers the sun. The rain starts. You dodgeinto a cave to escape,makingsure it’s notthe one in which the Ticinosuchus is
hiding.You don’t want to meet a 3m—long
meat—eater in the dark! The cave is full oftiny lizard-likeMacrocnemus. They scuttleover the rotting seaweed, catching insects.Once the rain stops, you can continue on
your Triassic safari."’ 1
.~~» 1' Thesle are iust a few of the creatures
Triassic shore. There have not been
many dinosaurs on this safari. The
timeWhen
dinosaursare
commséégyisjet to come.
%'you might meet on a walk along a
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nésafirs, such[V
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‘bysalofasaurufi’ Affhe first hintof
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powerful hind legswill carry them away from
danger‘;_fits!-mevingdinosaurswill be off.
£I$t5‘H$éy are not taken by surprise, theyid be able to outrun most meat-eaters. Their
less speedy attgckers.
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/«”’ .«
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A hungryBaryonyx is
furious to discover twoPolacanthus disturbingits favourite fishingground. It raises its
heavy-clawed armsand
shows its dagger-liketeeth to frighten them
away.Although well-
protected, the two plant-eaters decide to allow
Baryonyx to dine alone.
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ino-grqph: elociruptorO O C l O . . Q
On rare occasionSCIGHTISE
fund a T IS gives us lots of clues aboutwhatperfectly preserv d dinosa r skeletéon. th ..creature looked like.
There were no stickin -out ears on
Velociraptor- just a d pression (sunken A _area) behind the iaw
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/have looked very much like ‘Jthe skull.
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G"°W e ‘ '“lheof the ches bone show Cl°‘" b°“°5 5l‘¢W
mh e_$h°”]de,,. where the horry
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what VeIociraptor’s skin looked
lile rveel-clinosaurikin-have E?
be ut not of Velociraptor. Some arti ~ 5
show itwith lizard-like skin, s o m have 4'
‘§2c3£ev n shown it covered with feather ! No
nows—wha«t—eeltou|=—/elo =
w s either. A 'lists can use their
im gination!
‘~r:a;v,;s.j5.w.»'-'1‘ft-~x' n3“?’-‘7‘?"‘*
T Bony struts (ept the
:Iil stiff and straight.I.'. inosaur trackwayshardly ever I$l1OW thenl‘
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1ark of a tc il
auching the ground.
Joints of the forelimbs show that the 1eaarmswere folded
upwhen or rest, like
{:_:;:the wings of a bird. I ‘V\\ 3 , / .
Fingerswere held together {/4 \when at rest.
\hape of the hips show that the I gs were
h ld straight underneatl, not sticki g out at __he side like a lizard. .3 §
Ankleanjl
knee ioints show th usuallythe kn e was bent, but the a kle was
held straight.
As in mos1 running a 1imals, the thigh bone is\
short,whi e the other leg bones ar e long. TheW
strong legmuscles were :oncentratedaround t e
thigh bone. The rest ol the leg was worked by L
thin tendons. This meant that the lower leg w s‘
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light and could be m aved quick .Q
2007
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j madam mdachizzeryto help them
, écefleat theirdpriae fessils. One of the_eat~knawaco11ectorawas theaAmericanBarnum Brown. In 1910,
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LUCKY BREAK L
_Barnum:Brownstruck lucky earlyV
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dinVhisa£taree1'.VIn 1902,just five3. yearsafterjoining theAmerican
"jMuseumofNatura}History in New
York,he discovered theV
‘E'WorId’s first-kI710Wn
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j:V:,7_y7f13"1»,7?/”J:S%(d¢°}(,.»,,7d?.:£Srex, inVdVeasjtem Montana,¥USA. j
M Thisswas the beginning V
Vofhiscareerasakeen L
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f dinosaur hunter.AfewL years later,when
V
Vstrangefossilswere
tmwwddmmwmai
Vmaeamassdinasaurname:anthe trailofan Vex!-raordinctry
gariydiaesaurV
V
f huntersfaced great
pmhlems. Theyhadno
he designed a specialboat and
braved rapids to track downa mystery fossil.
Barnum Brown
Brownrworkedflat HeV
Monfana,’USA,around} ihefM
*
MissouriRiver. in, ‘I902,he V‘ k
discovered theworld?sfirst-V_7
ever T-rex skeleion there. linethe following years, he found
a .more T-rex remains and twoskeletons of the duck-billed
dinosaur, Anatosaurus.
spottedstickingout ofthe cliffs“inAlberta,
V
Canada, Brownheaded
north to investigate.V
2008
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Using Cory!-hosaurus’fossils,
like the one-,Barnum Brown
found (aboire)as cl guide,
‘experts have worked out
how it may have loolceilwhen alive (right). ;
that BarnumBrown began
looking for fossilsin Montana becauseof a paperweight?
Yes.WilliamT.Hornaolay, Director ofthe New York Zoological Society,hunted buttalo in Montana. He
brought back a fossil and used it as
a paperweight. Brown saw that it
was the horn of a Triceratops, andrealised Montana was a Fossil site.
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Honss-mmwnmnos
REEBEERRWERVALLEY
’£‘hefirstknownAitrertasaarus, a gianttyrannesaar, hadbeen
discsvered RedDeerRiverValley in Alberta.And thatwaswhere theaiiiffossiishad been
sighted.BarnumBrawndecided the bestway toreach the fessilswas bysailing down the riverona specially»-tbuilt barge.
,madeaiispecialgicrane with
_"
Woodenybeams, to lift thel
gheavy fossilson to horse-s “drawnCarts; These carts
-localrailway station. The i
journey took several days.And
Lifting fossilswith Cl special crane
that used ropes and pulleys. BARNUMI53ARGEBarnum Brown andthemembersofhisexpeditioncould sail close to the fossils,then moor the barge and
step ashore. But the
expeditionhad to brave
roughWater rapids and
attacks by huge swarms ofmosquitoes to reach thefossils embedded high up in
the rocky river canyon.
andhis team
transported the fossils to the
it was manymore days beforethe precious fossils arrived atthe museum in New York,thousands of kilometres away.
2010
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IJOUBLEGJSCOVERYIn 1912,Barnum Brownexcavated the first
Cezyibeesares fossils from the riversidereeks. fie was thrilled to find that they
belonged ta a new species ofdinosaur thatL
had notbeen foundbefore. Twoyears later, THE GREAT DINOSAUR RUSH
he discovered amore complete fossil of the AsWe“ 05 Corythosavrvs, Barnum Brown
S a m g dingsaufl 11;was 3 be3_ufifu}}y discovered many other dinosaurs inRed
pregerved Skeleton:with just the tail tipDeer RiverValley. His success started a
we arewe::::t:.°;3;?,°:;:;t°;:::7:,i;;*::::;::':his three sons. They collected tor the
Canadian Geological Survey, and were
very successful, too.
FLASIER PRQTECTION
The huge skeletonwas almost 8111 long.Its fragile bones had to be protected with
plaster ‘jackets’toprevent them fromcrumbling.Many of the bones were stillembedded in great chunksofrock,and hadto be carefully eased out.
HELMET LIZARDBarnumBrown namedhisdinosaur Corythosaurus, or‘helmet lizard’,because ofthe extraordinary crested
shape of its head. The hugeplant-eaterwas one of the
strangest-lookingdinosaursthat had ever beendiscovered. Expertsnowbelieve that Corythosauruscouldmake bellowing
3;
—éé
_‘ noises by pushingairAnother skeleton challenge for ~ Vi
Barnum
Br°wa"'~. rT
V
backofitsthroat~
,
through thehugecrest.V
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SHOW-STOPPER c
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The bones of the skeleton discovered in The giant skeletonBarnum Brown andhis1914were slightly crushed, but in their team had discovered was carefully piecedoriginalpositions. The shape of the huge together againby experts. Years ofworkcreature was clear to see. The dinosaur were neededbefore the skeleton was
V
hadbeen dead for about 78 millionyears, finished. It is still one of themostbut, incredibly, its fossilized skeleton had spectacular and popular fossil exhibits at
been preserved almost complete. the AmericanMuseum ofNaturalHistory.
2011
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improve aedeitestyaur f
knowledge
N - r raiske<?»i9*?*""“i“C:iri
. -r
(1makes theirbitepOI£0hOU§alilirs
helps killtheir prev.Tvr8"“°9"-‘
Fascinating facts\ may have done the same.
to read and
10 fun questions
to answer!
0 In the Triassic, the onlycontinentwas called:
a) Uniterre .
b)Euramerasia
c) Pangaea
Lizard-like Tanystropheus
9Dysalotosaums escaped
predators by:h :d a Very long a) running awaya) neck , _,
b) to“b) hiding In caves
“clawc) swimming underwater °ompgognafhus
was:
a) cow-sized
b) chicken-sized
Teleoceras was related Barnum Brown reached C )elephanhsized’ to today's: Corythosaurus by:
a) rhinoceros a) bicycle
bl l"lPP°P°l°mU5 bl€l°flkeY What did Baryonyxeat as
c) whale c) barge - * well as meat?
a) fruit and nuts
b) leavesc )fish
Dinosaur hunterBarnum 0 A,.¢;.,ae,,P,.e,.yx fived gnBrownwas inspired by: what is now:
a) a local circus q) GermanyblG P‘-"Pe""’el9l‘l' b) Canada
c) his Aunt Agatha c) Disney World
2014
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DEIIVOGALERIXBegin by pencilling in the basic shape Mark in more lines to give you the
of the animal in themiddle of the position of the the head and legs.
paper.Deinogalerix is a hairyhedgehog and These are just guidelines so you can pencil
its shape is roughly that of a long, low house. them in roughly at this stage.
Now you can begin to put in the FinishDeinogalerix by drawing.in the
_ j details ofDeinogalerix’face. In our legs and tail. Colour it as you imagine
picture it is snarling fiercely and showing its a meat-eating prehistorichedgehogwould
sharp, pointed front teeth. look! Don’t forget details such as itsWhiskers.
Deinagalerixawaps GT
p
hunfeirgfeeding an small‘
, . flizqrds andmammals father~
ii
‘than 1-heirisecfsanclewormsi
today's hedgehogs eat;
i§;wMmuwmmem.l
Ty;li_n§-olyi~gi1_ic_xl-rei1*7~i><) mieonsfierribleto
c
L
.y
— lieolgebogbo1
i
i
UpGR‘OUF:imurrimolIf 5.I.ZE.‘.ic:1boul35cm7lor¥g’ . s
T
‘LIVED:about l0 millionyears ago
2016
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Would dinos beany use as
Work animals?Find out inTIMEDETECTIVE.Learnwho atethe trees inPREHISTORICWORLD.
Keep yourDINOSAURS! safe
Keep your copies safe and neatwith these
fantastic binders.Your binders have beendesigned to look good at home or at school. Each issturdy and hardwearing—t even has a Wipe—clean cover—ndholds 13issues. You’llWant to use your DINOSAURS! collection again and again—for reference, for school projects, or just for fun. So don’t let your copies gomissing; keep them in your own set ofbinders.
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IANLORBIS
PLAy&LEARNA
COLLECTION
Three fascinatingcreatures in
IDENTIKIT
andHISTORY IN PICTURES
3-D GALLERY
GIANTS OF THE PAST
PICTURECREDITS: Front cover: Graham Rosewame.
Neg Nos 37243, T8552, l8547, i9488, l9493,18502Courtesy Department Library Services,American Museum ofNatural History 2008T, 2009TL,20l0T,C,B, 201I; MLong/The Natural HistoryMueum, London201STR;The Natural HistoryMusem,London l995TR, 2008B;Zeta i999BR.Artwork:Wendy Bramaii/WLAA2000-l ;
R.Budden/WLAA I996, 1997;Mike
Dorey 2012-I3;John Francis/BernardThornton Artists 2009; Janos
Marffy I998-99;BobMathias 2016T; DeidreMcHaleBC;NickPike/WLAA; 2002-3 James.Rohins 2006-7,20l 6B;Graham Rosewarne I993, I994-95; SteveWhite 20045.
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The answer is,almost certainly
yea. Palaeontologistshave
begun to piece together the insectworldduring the time ofdinosaurs.Theirwork suggests that there was
a profusion of insect types living then
and thatthey
would have been just the
same sort ofnuisance as they are today.
' fr
‘
.~ suppose theWell, I
\ answer is,why not?Any tall object,
provided that it isin Contactwith the
Earth,willconduct andattract lightning
duringa storm. Ifa brachiosaurwas
out in the
\’\
suspicion that the tiny
In recent years a fossil ofthe chicken-sized dinosaur
Compsognathus becamethe subject ofdetailed
{ investigationfor justthis reason. It wasnoted that around the
the fossil there was ‘alargenumber ofsmall circular,
and in some cases almost *"spherical, objects. These looked
uncannily like eggs!Wecannot prove this
absolutely,but thereis now very strong
Compsognathus maywell have been afemale. And that after
death, the animal’srottingand swollen
body eventuallyburst as it was being
J
buriedbysediment.The
eggswere
expelled intothe sedimenttobe fossilized