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SEISMICITY MAP SINCE 1900: KAMCHATKA HAS THE MOST SEISMIC ACTIVITY
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
RUSSIAPART 3: EARTHQUAKES
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NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN RUSSIA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN RUSSIA
FLOODS
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
WILDFIRES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
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TECTONIC PLATES
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Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s Restlessness Causes Movement of Tectonic Plates, which leads to:
Earthquakes
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KURIL-KAMCHATKA TRENCH
• Many earthquakes and tsunamis originate from Kamchatka as a result of subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate at the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench
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SEISMICITY MAP SINCE 1900: KAMCHATKA HAS THE MOST SEISMIC ACTIVITY
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FORTUNATELY, THE REGION IS SPARSELY
POPULATED
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ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER
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HAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISK
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A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH THE VULNERABLE BUILT
ENVIRONMENTS OF NEW ZEALAND’S COMMUNITIES
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH THE VULNERABLE BUILT
ENVIRONMENTS OF NEW ZEALAND’S COMMUNITIES
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EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS:
ARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS
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TECTONIC DEFORMATION
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
GROUND
SHAKING
FAULT RUPTURE
FOUNDATION FAILURE
SITE AMPLIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
LANDSLIDES
AFTERSHOCKS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSS
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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VULNERABILITY TO GROUND SHAKING
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UNREINFO
RCED MASO
NRY, B
RICK O
R STO
NE
REINFORCED C
ONCRETE WIT
H UNREIN
FORCED WALLS
INTENSITY
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS
STEEL FRAME
ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME
V VI VII VIII IX
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
MEA
N D
AM
AG
E R
ATIO
,
%
O
F R
EPLA
CE
MEN
T V
ALU
E
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
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INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
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A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, landslides,..) intersect at a point in space and time.
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Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
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THE ALTERNATIVE TO DISASTER IS
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE ALTERNATIVE TO DISASTER IS
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
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RUSSIA’S COMMINITIES
RUSSIA’S COMMINITIES
DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONDATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• QUAKE HAZARDS• INVENTORY• VULNERABILITY• LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS• PROTECTION• FORECASTS/SCENARIOS• EMERGENCY RESPONSE• RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONS
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE– ONE OF RUSSIA’S NOTABLE
EARTHQUAKES
11:03 pm; May 27, 1995
Mw7.1; Ms7.6
Depth: 9 km (5.4 miles)
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THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995
• A “BULLS EYE EARTHQUAKE: The 40-kn-long rupture of the right-lateral strike-slip fault passed directly under Neftegorsk
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THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995
• Neftegorsk was nearly completely destroyed by the earthquake, and approximately 2,000 of the 3,176 residents in the town were killed.
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THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995
• 406 person were rescued alive from under the rubble, but 37 of them died in a hospital following rescue
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THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995
• The settlement was not rebuilt after the earthquake.
• Most of the 1,144 survivors were relocated.
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TWO OF KAMCHATKA’S MANY EARTHQUAKES
April 20, 2006
April 29, 2006
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APRIL 20, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE
• The April 20, 2006 Kamchatka earthquake was a M7.6 shock located near the coast of Koryak Autonomous Okrug at an estimated depth of 22 km.
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APRIL 20, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE
• The April 20, 2006 Kamchatka earthquake was a M7.6 shock located near the coast of Koryak Autonomous Okrug at an estimated depth of 22 km.
• This major quake and the aftershock sequence that followed damaged buildings and infrastructure in three villages.
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APRIL 29, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE
• The M6.6 earthquake, which struck on Saturday, April 29, was followed by a number of strong and medium aftershocks.
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APRIL 29, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE
• 1,000 people were evacuated, 40 people were injured, but no deaths.
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APRIL 29, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE
• Several diesel electric power stations were damaged.
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RUSSIA’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IN KAMCHATKA IS INEVITABLE
RUSSIA’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IN KAMCHATKA IS INEVITABLE
• ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER FROM A M4.4 OR LARGER EARTH-QUAKE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE.