Download - Disks and Formatting
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Ch 3 1
Disks andFormatting
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Ch 3 2
OverviewOverview
The need for formatting a disk will be discussed.
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Ch 3 3
OverviewOverview
The difference between partitioning and formatting a
disk will be explained.
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Ch 3 4
OverviewOverview
The structure of a disk will be described.
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Ch 3 5
OverviewOverview
Will learn to format a disk, electronically label it, and then
how to change the label.
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Ch 3 6
OverviewOverview
Various file systems will be compared and contrasted.
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Ch 3 7
OverviewOverview
Some of the parameters that can be used with the FORMAT
command will be discussed and then used with the FORMAT
command.
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Ch 3 8
Why Format a Disk?Why Format a Disk?
Disks used for: Permanent storage of data and
programs Distributing data from one
computer to another Making copies
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Ch 3 9
Why Format a Disk?Why Format a Disk?
Formatting (initializing) the disk: Process of preparing disk so that it
is compatible with an operating system
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Ch 3 10
Why Format a Disk?Why Format a Disk?
All disks (including hard disks) must be formatted.
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Ch 3 11
Partitioning and Partitioning and Formatting DisksFormatting Disks
Hard disks must be: Partitioned Formatted with file system
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Ch 3 12
Partitioning and Partitioning and Formatting DisksFormatting Disks
Partition terms: Primary partition Partition table Volume Active partition Extended partition
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Ch 3 13
Partitioning and Partitioning and Formatting DisksFormatting Disks
Dual booting system:Create partition for each OSOnly one OS active at a timeEach OS formats disks in own way Precautions in running multiple OS
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Ch 3 14
Partitioning and Partitioning and Formatting DisksFormatting Disks
File system: Organizational scheme of OS
OS is what makes one computer compatible with another
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Ch 3 15
Partitioning and Partitioning and Formatting DisksFormatting Disks
Windows XP Professional supports four file systems:
NTFS Three FAT file systems -
FAT12 FAT16 FAT32
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Ch 3 16
Partitioning and Partitioning and Formatting DisksFormatting Disks
Types of disk storage configuration: Basic disks Dynamic disks
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Ch 3 17
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk
Two parts to formatting a disk: Low-level (physical) formatting High level (logical) formatting
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Ch 3 18
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk
Low-level (physical) formatting: Sequentially numbers tracks and
sectors Identifies each track and sector Disk is physically prepared to
hold data
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Ch 3 19
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk
High-level (logical) formatting: Determines how OS uses a disk Builds structure to keep track of
location of files Done so files can be stored and
retrieved.
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Ch 3 20
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk
Windows XP Professional monitors status of all
disk data sectors.
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Ch 3 21
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk
One or more sectors are combined into logical units called clusters or allocation
units.
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Ch 3 22
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk
Cluster (allocation unit): Smallest unit that OS can work
with
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Ch 3 23
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk
Cluster overhang: Wasted space on the disk.
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Ch 3 24
Structure of a Disk Structure of a Disk Master Boot Record & Boot SectorMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector
Master boot record (MBR): First part of hard disk Locates bootable partition of hard
disk and gives control over to it
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Ch 3 25
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Master Boot Record & Boot SectorMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector
Boot sector: First sector on logical drive Has table of drive’s characteristics Has bootstrap loader program
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Ch 3 26
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Master Boot Record & Boot SectorMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector
All disks (including non-system disks) have a boot sector.
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Ch 3 27
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Master Boot Record & Boot SectorMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector
FAT non-system error messages: Non-system disk or disk error Replace disk and press any key
when ready
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Ch 3 28
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Master Boot Record & Boot SectorMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector
NTFS non-system error messages: Invalid partition table Error loading operating system Missing operating system
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Ch 3 29
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Master Boot Record & Boot SectorMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector
Floppy disk non-system error messages: NTLDR is missing Press any key to restart
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Ch 3 30
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Master Boot Record & Boot SectorMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector
Windows uses boot sector to identify the type of disk.
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Ch 3 31
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT16, VFAT & FAT32FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
FAT’s formatting program creates: Boot record File Allocation Table (2 copies) Root directory
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Ch 3 32
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT16, VFAT & FAT32FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
Fig 3.1 Logical Structure of a Disk p. 100Fig 3.1 Logical Structure of a Disk p. 100
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Ch 3 33
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT16, VFAT & FAT32FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
FAT is a map of disk’s data clusters.
FAT number indicates status of cluster.
Numbers in FAT link clusters that belong to same file
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Ch 3 34
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT16, VFAT & FAT32FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
Table 3.1 Cluster Size and Disk Size p. 100Table 3.1 Cluster Size and Disk Size p. 100
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Ch 3 35
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT16, VFAT & FAT32FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
FAT essential for: Managing data Following trail of clusters that
make up a file
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Ch 3 36
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT16, VFAT & FAT32FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
VFAT maintains backwards compatibility and
accommodates long file names.
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Ch 3 37
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT16, VFAT & FAT32FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
FAT32: Enhancement of FAT file system Introduced to overcome
limitations of VFAT Does not apply to floppy drives
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Ch 3 38
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT16, VFAT & FAT32FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
Table 3.2 Comparison of FAT and FAT32 p. 101Table 3.2 Comparison of FAT and FAT32 p. 101
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Ch 3 39
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT16, VFAT & FAT32FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
FAT32:Movable Root Directory
Can be located anywhere on hard diskCan use backup copy of FAT Internal backup copy of some critical
FAT data structuresEntries in Root Directory limited
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Ch 3 40
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT16, VFAT & FAT32FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
With smaller clusters: More clusters on partition FAT larger - store more data Takes longer to locate/access file
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Ch 3 41
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT16, VFAT & FAT32FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
With larger clusters: Table smaller Takes less time to locate/access file Increases wasted disk space from
cluster overhang
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Ch 3 42
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT16, VFAT & FAT32FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
FAT32 is best for many small files.
FAT is best for mostly large files.
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Ch 3 43
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk The Root DirectoryThe Root Directory
Root Directory: Table that records information
about each file on the disk
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Ch 3 44
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk The Root DirectoryThe Root Directory
Changes in root directory table make Windows XP Professional compatible with older Windows
and DOS programs.
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Ch 3 45
Structure of a Disk Structure of a Disk FAT and the Root DirectoryFAT and the Root Directory
Root directory tells what is on the disk.
FAT tells where data is on the disk.
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Ch 3 46
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT and the Root DirectoryFAT and the Root Directory
Number in FAT points to next cluster that holds data in file.
EOF (end-of-file) marker indicates there is no more data in file.
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Ch 3 47
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk FAT and the Root DirectoryFAT and the Root Directory
Fig 3.2 The Root Directory and FAT p. 103Fig 3.2 The Root Directory and FAT p. 103
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Ch 3 48
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Data Portion or the Files AreaData Portion or the Files Area
Largest part of disk is used for storing files.
Space is allocated to files on an as-needed basis.
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Ch 3 49
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Data Portion or the Files AreaData Portion or the Files Area
A file is written to a disk in: Contiguous clusters or Noncontiguous clusters.
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Ch 3 50
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Understanding FAT & Root Understanding FAT & Root
Directory TableDirectory TableFig 3.3 Storing Files p. 105Fig 3.3 Storing Files p. 105
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Ch 3 51
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk NTFSNTFS
File system used determines OS advanced features available to user.
For disk security, performance, and efficiency use NTFS file system.
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Ch 3 52
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk NTFSNTFS
Advantages of NTFS: Secure file system Efficient storage of data Faster file access Better data recovery Can compress files/assign disk quotas Encryption of files
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Ch 3 53
Structure of a Disk Structure of a Disk Clusters and NTFSClusters and NTFS
NTFS: Uses FAT cluster scheme for
allocating data. Has less overhead.
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Ch 3 54
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Clusters and NTFSClusters and NTFS
Table 3.3 NTFS Cluster Size p. 106Table 3.3 NTFS Cluster Size p. 106
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Ch 3 55
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Clusters and NTFSClusters and NTFS
Fig 3.4 Structure of an NTFS Volume p. 106Fig 3.4 Structure of an NTFS Volume p. 106
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Ch 3 56
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Master File Table (MFT)Master File Table (MFT)
Master File Table (MFT): Database of all files in system Used by NTFS to track all files
and directories in a volume Dynamic
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Ch 3 57
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Master File Table (MFT)Master File Table (MFT)
MFT is different from FAT.
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Ch 3 58
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Master File Table (MFT)Master File Table (MFT)
MFT: Adds security descriptor attribute to
file system Data in file considered to be
attribute of file Allows fast access to files Eliminates file fragmentation
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Ch 3 59
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Master File Table (MFT)Master File Table (MFT)
MFT: Attribute stored in MFT considered
resident attribute Any resident forced out to an extent is
nonresident attribute
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Ch 3 60
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Master File Table (MFTMaster File Table (MFT))
Folders treated as files in NTFS: Small folder - Index Root attribute Folder entries will fit into MFT -
new extent nonresident attribute called index buffer
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Ch 3 61
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Deciding on a File SystemDeciding on a File System
Formatting: Floppy disk - always FAT file
system Hard disk - you decide
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Ch 3 62
Structure of a DiskStructure of a Disk Deciding on a File SystemDeciding on a File System
Can convert FAT to FAT32/NTFS
Cannot convert FAT32/NTFS to FAT
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Ch 3 63
Clarifying ProceduresClarifying Procedures
Procedural assumptions: System utility files subdirectory Type of disk Lab procedures
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Ch 3 64
Activity—Formatting a Activity—Formatting a Floppy DiskFloppy Disk
KEY CONCEPTS: Function of screen prompt Internal vs. external commands Result of keying in FORMAT C: Using the FORMAT commandUnique serial number used for disk identification
by application programs.
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Ch 3 65
Formatting a Disk with a Formatting a Disk with a Volume LabelVolume Label
FORMAT command parameters: FORMAT volume [/FS:file-system]
[/V:label] [/Q] [A:size] [/C] [/X] FORMAT volume [/V:label] [/Q]
[/F:size]
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Ch 3 66
Formatting a Disk with a Formatting a Disk with a Volume LabelVolume Label
FORMAT command parameters: FORMAT volume [/V:label] [/Q]
[/T:tracks /N:sectors] FORMAT volume [/V:label] [/Q] FORMAT volume [/Q]
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Ch 3 67
Formatting a Disk with a Formatting a Disk with a Volume LabelVolume Label
Basic syntax of FORMAT command:
FORMAT volume [/V:label] [/Q]
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Ch 3 68
Formatting a Disk with a Formatting a Disk with a Volume LabelVolume Label
/F size parameter: Easy way to format floppy disks that
do not match capacity of a floppy disk drive
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Ch 3 69
Formatting a Disk with a Formatting a Disk with a Volume LabelVolume Label
Volume label is electronic name.
Partial command diagram FORMAT A: /V[:label] No spaces between colon and label
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Ch 3 70
Activity—Using the /V Activity—Using the /V OptionOption
KEY CONCEPTS: Purpose/function of VOL command Need of descriptive volume label Two ways to display volume label [drive:] - variable parameter
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Ch 3 71
The LABEL CommandThe LABEL Command
LABEL command:
External command Used to change volume label
without reformatting disk
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Ch 3 72
The LABEL CommandThe LABEL Command
Partial syntax:
LABEL [drive:] [label]
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Ch 3 73
The LABEL CommandThe LABEL Command
LABEL (external) command: Used to change volume label
VOLUME (internal) command: Used to see volume label
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Ch 3 74
Activity—Using the Label Activity—Using the Label CommandCommand
KEY CONCEPTS: Importance of including A: parameter Deleting volume label on disk Placing volume label on disk Use of spaces in LABEL and
VOLUME commands
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Ch 3 75
Formatting a Disk using Formatting a Disk using the /Q Parameterthe /Q Parameter
/Q parameter: Fast way to clear previously
formatted disks Works like usual FORMAT
commandSkips low level formatting
Clears FAT and root directory Does not check for bad sectors
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Ch 3 76
Activity—Using the /Q Activity—Using the /Q ParameterParameter
KEY CONCEPTS: Reason /Q parameter can be used Eliminate previous volume label when
formatting disk