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BrexitThe Digital Aftermath
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Research conducted for Channel4 Dispatches: Racist
Britain
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1. Migration and BrexitThe Wider Discussion.
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20 May - 2nd June, over 100,000 Tweets were
sent mentioning UK MP and EU referendum
hashtag.
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In the run up to the vote, Leave campaigners (who each sent 5+ pro-Brexit
Tweets) sent 97,000 Tweets, pro-Remain sent
13,000
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immigration was one of the three key themes of
the campaign
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47%
20%
33%
55%
17%
28%
33%
28%
39%
61%
14%
25%Sovereignty
Immigration
Economy
20th May-26th May 27th May-2nd June
Leave RemainAlgorithm: 70%
accurate
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General discussion of migration and
immigration spiked over the Brexit period.
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258,55322nd June-30th JunetweetsFrom the UK, containing ‘migrant’, ‘migrants’, immigrant’, immigrants’, ‘refugee’, refugees’.
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Discussions of Immigration Peaked over BrexitMigration Tweets over Time
Results Day
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Some Immigration Discussion explicitly linked to Brexit#Brexit, EU, #StrongerIn #BetteroffOut etc.
EU Referendum
Other
40,255 Tweets linked to Brexit
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Discussions of Migrants was Highly DisputedCo-Location of Language around Migrants
SafetyPin (1,434)
Solidarity (501)
Welcome (98)
Out (698)
Leave (662)
Bloody (415)
Deport (686)
(im)migrants
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2. Xenophobia
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16,151
19th June – 1st July
tweetsused a term related to
xenophobia or an anti-immigrant attitude
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16,151tweetsRefugeesNotWelcome DefendEurope WhiteGenocide WhitePower SendThemHome MakeBritainWhiteAgain Get Out We Voted Leave Londonistan Rapefugee StopImmigration FuckIslam
(Likely only a small
kernel of the relevant
conversation)
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13,236
24th June – 1st July
tweetsusing a term related to
xenophobia or an anti-immigrant attitude in the wake of the Brexit
vote itself
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Xenophobia in the Wake of the ReferendumTweets containing Xenophobic Language over Time
Results Day
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But this conversation was contested.
Derogatory 5,484 Tweets
Supportive 10,671 Tweets
Algorithm: 76% Accurate
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Butthisconversationwascontested
Xenophobia in the Wake of the ReferendumXenophobic Tweets over Time
Derogatory
Supportive
Results Day
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From the 24th of June…
Derogatory 4,048 Tweets
Supportive 9,118 Tweets
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On the 24th Derogatory
707 Tweets
Supportive 3,549 Tweets
On the 25th Supportive 2,225 Tweets
Derogatory 502 Tweets
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Xenophobia in the Wake of the ReferendumXenophobic Tweets over Time
Supportive tweets peak then fade,
while derogatory tweets maintain a
steady volume.
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3. Islamophobia
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Across the world
4,123,705 Tweets were sent containing a word that can be anti-Islamic
Between 18th March - 30 June
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but some of these terms are very broad
Jihadi terrorist Rag-head Sand flea Dune Nigger Sand Monkey Rug-pilot Camel Fucker Rug pilot Paki Muzrats
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These were analysed by a series of algorithms
To find Tweets which were derogatory and explicitly
anti-Islamic100 Tweets randomly selected: 78 were
judged to be hateful
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28,034
18th March - 30 June
tweetswere judged to be from the UK, explicitly anti-Islamic and derogatory
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Islamophobia OnlineIslamophobic Tweets over the Brexit Period
Small peak beginning 8pm on June 23rd to midnight on the 25th
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479 anti-Islamic Tweets on the 24th June
146 anti-Islamic Tweets on the 25th of June
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Two hashtags emerged after the referendum.
...to show solidarity with migrants.
#SafetyPin #PostRefRacism
44,003 Tweets 56,089 Tweets
...to raise awareness of xenophobia and racism.
From June 25nd to July 4th
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98,948
From June 25th to July 4th
tweetswere sent using either
#postrefracism or #safetypin
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Two Key Hashtags in the Wake of the VoteTweets containing #PostRefRacism and #SafetyPin
Concentrated June 25th to 29th
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An algorithm was built to split Tweets into:
Those generally raising awareness of hate crime
Those specifically providing
accounts of it
— and —
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Of the 98,948 Tweets
Specific accounts 17,260
General Awareness 81,688
Algorithm: 83% accurate
This includes Retweets
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Within the 17,260…
Some more general expressions of solidarity with migrants not removed by the algorithm
Direct accounts of harassment
Relaying other accounts of harassment the writer had heard
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PostrefracismGeneral Awareness vs. Specific Stories
General awareness
Specific stories
26/06/2016 27/06/2016 28/06/2016 29/06/2016 30/06/2016 01/06/2016 02/06/2016 03/07/2016 04/07/2016
Most specific stories occur over 26th, 27th,
28th
Then an explosion of concern
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Of 17,260 specific stories…
14,847 were retweets
2,413 were original posts
— and —
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PostrefracismSpecific stories: Retweets vs. Non-Retweets
26/06/2016 27/06/2016 28/06/2016 29/06/2016 30/06/2016 01/06/2016 02/06/2016 03/07/2016 04/07/2016
Retweets
Non-Retweets
Original posts are shadowed by large
amounts of re-sharing
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PostrefracismImportant Caveats
None of these measures are perfect: algorithms make mistakes.
We don’t know if any of the accounts are true.
Not geo-locationally filtered, but were using a UK-based hashtag
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PostrefracismMapping - Caveats
Of the 17,621 Tweets…
• 5,690 (32%) came from another country • 6,720 came from the UK
Of the 6,720 Tweets from the UK…
• 5,372 could be accurately located to a sub-regional level in the UK
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PostrefracismMapping - Caveats
The location of the Tweet is where the incident is reported, not necessarily where it occurs
The map includes people reporting the incident
To some degree, it reflects the population density of the UK
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Accounts of hate crime: original and retweets
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936 of the 2,413 original stories could be placed on a map
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One of our crew at #Bournemouth bus stop last
night had youths shout "F****ing immigrant" from car
window. #PostRefRacism @PostRefRacism
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Friday refugee British Citizen living in Oxford 15 yrs, told by
colleagues in factory where he works - now you can go home
#PostRefRacism
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Pre-ref I was told to go back to where I was born by some
ignoramus I work with #postrefracism comes as no surprise really. Shame on you
UK.
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People's true colours are definitley coming out now, they
feel justified being racist, homophobic, xenophobic c***s! #PostRefRacism
#tryme
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So much hate!!! It's all fun & games until you walking
through Leeds and someone shouts "Oi Paki, We Voted
Leave, Get out" #PostRefRacism
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Boy shouts "shut up you black cunt" in my 13 year olds
daughter's face at school on day of result. #PostRefRacism
#postbrexitracism
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Today a group of men called me a "Paki Cunt" and told me to go home. In London. Where I was born, raised and lived for 32yrs.
#PostRefRacism
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Two notable patients in A&E tonight; both Romanian, both
been beaten up by yobs. #PostRefRacism
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A friend was told to 'Go back to your f**ing country nigger'
in Oxford city. She is a Master's student at Oxford University.
#PostRefRacism
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I'm shaking. Just seen a group of 6 kids on scooters circling a Muslim woman and shouting 'make Britain Great again'.pic
soon #PostRefRacism
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Just been told "Brendan, don't call me racist, I'm not. What's racist about wanting all the
ragheads out of my country?" #PostRefRacism
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And so it begins. Just received this text from a number I don't
recognise #PostRefRacism
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#PostRefRacism- Vile Islamophobic booklets being distributed to homes in Perry Barr/Aston area. #Birmingham
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For more information contact:
Carl Miller, Research Director, Centre for the Analysis of Social
Media, Demos [email protected]