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Displays
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Functions of Dynamic Visual Displays
• Continuous System Control• steering (vehicle control)• tracking
• state variable target value
• System Status Monitoring• quantitative (state information)
• levels (quantities)• rates
• qualitative (status)
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Functions of Dynamic Visual Displays (2)
• Briefing• mission plans• procedures
• Search and Identification• surveillance
• Decision Making• alternative identification, selection• planning• diagnosis• extrapolation
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Visual Display Technology
• Mechanical (often electromechanical)• fixed/moving pointer, moving/fixed scale• counters (e.g., odometers)• flags
• Electronic• lights (incandescent, nixie tubes)• light emitting diodes (LEDs)• liquid crystal displays (LCDs)• other flatpanel displays• cathode ray tubes (CRTs)
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Visual Display Technology (2)
• Optical Projection• projectors
• front projection• back projection
• head-up displays (HUDs)• head mounted displays (HMDs)
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Visual Displays
0
20
10
30
4050
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5
OIL
FUEL
Circular Analog Linear Analog
Annunciators
Counter
0
10
20
30
40
50
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General Display Principles
• Color
• Coding
• Approximation
• Integration
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Color
• Advantages• aesthetic appeal (user-preferred)• opportunity for color coding• superior performance (in some cases)
• Disadvantages• technological limitation, cost• non-superior performance (in other
cases)
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Coding
• Color• < 9 discriminable colors (absolute
discrimination)• < ? (relative discrimination)
• Shape• alphanumeric: < 82
(A-Z, a-z, 0-9, <, (, +, &, …)• geometric: < 15• pictorial: < ?
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Coding (cont’)
Magnitude < 7 (± 2)• area
• line length
• number of primitives
• luminance
• stereoscopic depth
• inclination
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Approximation
• Definition• Get attention with one display• Present detailed info with another
• Example• Red oil pressure annunciator near LOS• Oil pressure gauge elsewhere
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13 Principles of Display Design (Wickens, Gordon, & Liu)
• Perceptual Principles
• Mental Model Principles
• Principles Based on Attention
• Memory Principles
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Perceptual Principles
1. Avoid absolute judgments• absolute vs. relative judgment
2. Top-down processing• people observe what they expect to
observe
3. Redundancy gain• alternative stimulus attributes
4. Discriminability• similarity causes confusion
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Mental Model Principles
5. Pictorial realism• looks like what it represents
6. Principle of the moving part• compatible with user’s mental model of
motion
7. Ecological interface design• close correspondence with environment
being displayed
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Principles Based on Attention
8. Minimizing information access costs• important or frequently accessed info is easy
to access
9. Proximity compatibility principle• close to what it represents• close to its control
10. Principle of multiple resources• auditory vs. visual• spatial vs. verbal• (perceptual/cognitive vs. response)
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Memory Principles
11. Principle of predictive aiding• predictive display proactive user
12. Principle of knowledge in the world• don’t overburden human memory
13. Principle of consistency• be consistent
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Applications
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Two-Valued Info(Warning and Alert Information)
• Examples• Low oil pressure indicator (automobile)• Door open indicator (aircraft)
• Types• Lights• Flags
• Technologies• Electronic• Mechanical
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Two-Valued Information (2)
Principles• Should attract attention of busy / bored
operator.• Should tell what is wrong.• Should not prevent continued attention
to other duties.• Should not be likely to fail.• Should not give false alarms.
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Quantitative Information(Exact Reading)
• Examples• Oil pressure (psi)• Speed (mph)• Temperature (deg)
• Types• Counter• Digital display
• Technologies• Electronic (LED, LCD, CRT, …)• Mechanical (drum, disk, …)
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Quantitative Information 1 (cont’)
Principles
• Mount close to panel front to minimize
shadows, etc.
• < 2 changes/second
• 1 : 1 height-to-width ratio
• 1/4 - 1/2 width spacing
• high contrast
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Quantitative Information(Approximate to Exact Reading plus
Rate Info)• Examples
• Altitude (aircraft)• Speed (auto, aircraft)• Temperature (chemical reactor)
• Types• Fixed scale moving pointer• Fixed pointer moving scale
• Technologies• mechanical, electromechanical• electronic (CRT, LCD, …)
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Fixed Scale Moving Pointer (1)
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40
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60
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80
90
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Fixed Scale Moving Pointer (2)
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60
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80
90
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Fixed Pointer Moving Scale (1)
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5060
7080
90
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Fixed Pointer Moving Scale (2)
0
2010
3040
50
6070
8090
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Quantitative Information (2)
Principles
• Scale range
• Interval values
• Scale dimensions
• Scale layout
• Pointers
• Motion
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Scale Range
• Select least precise scale that meets operator’s needs.
• Display in immediately usable form, e.g.+ 0% - 110% maximum RPM
rather than
- 0 - 8250 RPM
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Scale IntervalsGood progressions
0.10.2 0.3 ... (0.1 unit numbered interval)1 2 3 ... (1 unit)5 10 15 ... (5 units)
Fair progressions0.20.4 0.6 ... (0.2 unit)2 4 6 ... (2 units)
Poor progressions0.25 0.5 0.75 ... (0.25 units)4 8 16 ... (4 units)1 3 5 ... (2 units, poor initial point)
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Recommended minimum scale dimensions (in)for low illumination - 0.03 to 1.0 ft - L
(28-in. viewing distance).
Adapted from Human Factors in Engineering and Design (figure 5-4)
Scale Dimensions
0.22
0.035
0.025
0.07
0.030
0.160.10 MINIMUMSEPARATION
major scale marker
minor scale marker
intermediatescale marker
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Scale Layout
• Circular
• Numbers increase clockwise
• Zero break
• Zero at bottom (positive scale)
• Zero at 9 o’clock position (positive -
negative scale)
• Numbers inside graduation marks
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Circular Display
0
20
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60
70
80
90
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Positive/Negative Display
0
-10
-20
+10
+20
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Linear Displays
0 10 20 30 40 50
0
10
20
30
40
50
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Linear Displays (2)
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 10 20 30 40 50
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Pointers
• To but not over minor scale markings
• As close to surface as possible (parallax)• Same color as dial markings• Pointer tip angle20 degrees
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Long-Scale Displays: Multiple Pointer
5
7
6
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
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Long-Scale Displays: Pointer/Counter
5
7
6
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
7 8 03 1
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Motion(Fixed Pointer Moving Scale)
• Scale numbers increase in clockwise direction
• Compatible control / scale movement
• Clockwise control movement
increases value
• Avoid FPMS displays (inconsistency)
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FPMS Anomalies (1)
0
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30405060
7080
90 0 2010
3040
5060
8090
70
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FPMS Anomalies (2)
0
80
90
70605040
3020
10 0
8090
706050
4030
2010
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Check Reading• Examples
• RPM ok?• Temperature ok?
• Types• FSMP• FPMS
• Technologies• Mechanical• Electronic (CRT, LCD, …)
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Check Reading (2)
0
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60
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Check Reading (3)
0
10
20
30
40
50
A B C D
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
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Current Setting Info(Quantitative)
• Examples• Frequency selector (radio)• Channel selector (TV)
• Types• FSMP• FPMS (?)
• Technologies• Mechanical• Electronic
• Principles• see “quantitative info principles”
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Current Setting Info(Qualitative)
• Examples• Function selector (stereo system)• Line selector (multi-line phone)
• Types• Two-value displays• Alphanumeric displays
• Technologies• Mechanical (e.g. flag, 2-position button)• Electronic (light, LED, …)
• Principles• detectability• discriminability
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Complex SystemState / Status Info
• Examples• Fuel system state (aircraft)• Switch settings (railroad switch yard)
• Types• Pictorial
• Technologies• Electronic
• Principles• Pictorial realism• Compatibility with mental model
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Pictorial Display(System Synoptic)
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Command Info
• Examples• Heading to waypoint (aircraft)• Collision avoidance maneuver
(aircraft)
• Types• FSMP / FPMS• Alphanumeric• Pictorial
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Command Info (2)
• Technologies• Mechanical• Electronic
• Principles• Tell operator what to do
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“Pathway in the Sky” Display
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Navigational Info
• Examples• Horizontal Situation Indicator (HIS) -
(aircraft)• Map display (car)
• Types• Pictorial
• Technologies• Electronic (CRT, LCD)• Optical projection (projector, HUD)
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Navigational Info (2)
• Principles• North-up for planning• Track-up (ego-centered) for control• Safety considerations
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Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)
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Automobile Map Display
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Other Kinds of Displays
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Head-Up Display
windscreen
mirrorprojector
pilot’seye
combiner
HUD image (at optical infinity)
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Head-Up Display
Source: http://ef2000_www.im.gte.com/efhcphd.html
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Military Aircraft HUD
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Head Mounted Display
Kopin Monocular Head Mounted Displayhttp://www.phoenix.net/~vrgear/kopin.htm
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Helmet Mounted Display
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Head Mounted Display
http://www.keo.com/Hmds.html
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Head Up Display
F-22 Simulator Solid Statehttp://www.keo.com/F22hud.htm
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Head down displayhttp://www.keo.com/hdd.htm
Head Down Display
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Haptic Display. Exoskeletonhttp://www.stelarc.va.com.au/exoskeleton/
Haptic Display
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Haptic Display
PHANToM haptic interfacehttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/nr/1998/phantom.html
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Haptic Display
A haptic display based on the Tactile Flow concepthttp://www.piaggio.ccii.unipi.it/robotics/robresearch/haptic.html
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Feedback Displays
Pediatric Intravenous Catheterization Simulatorhttp://www.immersion.com/pdf/ctsmmdl2.pdf
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Feedback Displays
Event For Extended Body And Walking Machine
http://www.stelarc.va.com.au/exoskeleton/