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A Tale of Two Systems: The effects of executive function on
UG DecisionsAaron Tesch
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Rational Theories Of Decision-Making
• Plato: The spirit world is rational but our decisions are contaminated by the physical world.
• Stoics believed they needed to purge the emotional contamination to find truth.
I reject your offer !
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Utility Theories
Absolute value ≠ Utility : St. Petersburg Paradox
Utility can't be calculated because of limitations of human cognition, therefore we use heuristics and have psychological biases.
However, still used in much of economic theory.
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Emotional Theories
• Freud's Id
• Sex sells
• Behavior is not always rational
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Two-System Decision Models
• Posner & Snyder (1975) and Schneider & Shiffrin, (1977) proposed two-systems models that pit a automatic system against a controlled system.
• Kahneman (2003) outlined such a theory:
• System 1 which automatically makes quick judgments based on simple heuristics and emotions
• System 2 which monitors the quality of the answer System1 produced and corrects it if necessary.
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Neural Evidence for Two-System Decision models
• Delay Discounting (McClure)
• Moral Decision Making (Greene)
• Ultimatum game (Sanfey)
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Other Two-System Models?
High vs. Low road visual processing
- Ahh a bug!
Facial Expression
- Say “monkey butts”
How do these systems relate to the decision systems?
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Possible Neurological Evidence for Two system model in the UG
• Sanfey (2003) had people play the responder in a series of Ultimatum Games. Found higher activation in dlPFC than the Insula when accepting unfair offers and higher activation in the Insula when rejecting offers.
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Priming Affective systems
• Harle & Sanfey (2007) found that rejection rates are reduced when primed with “sad” movie clips.
• Sadness = Insula activation? • Also disgusting clips may increase rejection rates!
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TMS on the DLPFC
• Van ‘t Wout et al. (2005) and Knoch et al. (2006) both showed that TMS on the DLPFC increases acceptance rates during the Ultimatum Game.
• This suggests that the DLPFC is somehow, causally linked to decisions during the ultimatum game.
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Working Memory is Associated with the DLPFC
Sakai, Rowe, & Passingham (2002) found that there was activation of DLPFC during correct working memory trials but not for incorrect working memory trials.
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Pilot Experiment (WM-Easy)
• Two groups were given a UG task either with a working memory prime or without.
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Results of Acceptance Rate Analysis
• Acceptance rates in the easy working memory task were significantly higher then the control group with no working memory prime.
• There was also a significant interaction. Acceptance rates also decayed slower in the working memory condition then in the control condition.
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Pilot Experiment (WM-Hard)
• A harder working memory task that varied color, shape and location dimensions was used instead of the simple black dot task.
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r=-0.44*
Results of Acceptance Rate Analysis
• Acceptance rates are positively correlated with memory performance. i.e. they were negatively correlated with memory error rates as shown to the right.
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Trial by Trial Analysis
• A chi^2 showed that participants were more likely to reject on incorrect trials then on correct trials.
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Limitations
• Is loading the controlled system activating or depressing its function?
• Are their affective confounds due to memory task feedback?
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Limitations cont.
• How general is the System 2? Is it a general executive functioning system, general working memory system, or is it limited to spatial working memory? We are not sure how the differences in memory task difficulty affect acceptance rates.
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Experiment 1
• Independent measures of spatial working memory (Visual Digit Span), verbal working memory (N-back), switching (Global-Local), inhibition (SSRT) and self reported general executive function (BADS).
• Also find the effect of different working memory difficulty levels on decisions within subjects.
• The No Feedback condition also allowed detection of emotional feedback confounds.
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Visual Digit Span Task
• Adapted a digit span task to present 2-6 dots in a 3x3 grid instead of digits 1-9.
• Example with three dots →
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750ms → 250ms blank
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750ms → 250ms blank
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750ms → 250ms blank
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Ultimatum Game Trial
Picture → Proposal → Decision → Outcome
R T Y
F G H
V B N
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Type of Trials
• Each participant received every combination of the five memory difficulty levels (2-6 dots) and the five UG Offer levels ($ 1-5).
D,O 2 3 4 5 6
1 2,1 3,1 4,1 5,1 6,1
2 2,2 3,2 4,2 5,2 6,2
3 2,3 3,3 4,3 5,3 6,3
4 2,4 3,4 4,4 5,4 6,4
5 2,5 3,5 4,5 5,5 6,5
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Outcomes
• Updating but not switching or inhibition measures of EF have positive relationship with System 2 decision making system.
• There is no within subject effects of working memory difficulty level.
• The trend for a relationship for visual digit span performance is dependent on memory feedback.
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Experiment 2: Affective Processing due to unfair feedback• Unfair memory feedback
FeedbackR T Y
F G H
V B N
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Outcomes
• Relationship between visual digit span reversed. Suggesting an emotional prime in proportion of unfairness experienced.
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Experiment 3: Priming vs. Loading
• Is there any differences in UG decisions or EF relationships with those decisions after priming vs. loading the working memory system?
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Condition Timelines
Condition WM Presentation Loaded task WM Test Unloaded task
Loading condition Dot Presentation → UG Trial → Dot Test → Control
Priming condition Dot Presentation → Control → Dot Test → UG Trial
Loading condition Priming condition
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Outcomes
• The relationships between Updating and UG decisions that were not found in the other experiments were not found in the Priming condition.
• However, these relationships were not found in Loading control task either suggesting that the relationships mentioned above are fragile.
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Overall Outcomes
• No System 2 effects of memory difficulty in the within subject paradigm but evidence of a good range of memory task difficulty.
• Fragile relationship between independent updating measures and UG decisions.
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Discussion
• Little evidence supporting the connection of EF and System 2 decisions may suggest many interacting systems.
• However these results may simply be a limitation of the within subject paradigm.
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Future Directions
• Between subject memory manipulations.
• How are decision related System 1 and System 2 related to other similar cognitive systems i.e. visual systems and expression systems?
• What are the outlines of the systems related to decision making?
• Can these models help explain preference reversals?
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Future Directions Cont.
• Other paradigms?
• Online gaming e.g. Mafia Wars (5Million+), Vampire Wars, Kingdoms of Camelot etc.