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Distributed Generation Technologies
A Global Perspective
NSF Workshop on Sustainable Energy Systems
Professor Saifur Rahman
DirectorAlexandria Research Institute
Virginia Tech
November 2000
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Nuclear Power Plant
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Central Station Thermal Power Plant
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Central Station Thermal Power Plant
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Concerns about High Voltage lines
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Transition from Central to Distributed
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Wind Energy Based Power Plant
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Distributed Capacity
Distributed generation reduces the capital investment and improves the overall conversion efficiency of fuel to end use electricity by reducing transmission losses. In high growth or remotely located load demands, distributed generation could reduce or eliminate transmission and distribution problems by reducing the need for new capacity or siting new lines.
Presently at least 8-10 percent of the generated electrical power is also lost between the generating station and the end user. Distributed generation will result in many smaller units distributed throughout the system resulting in a statistically more reliable system.
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Distributed Generation Technologies
Solar Energy Systems
Wind Energy Systems
Mini-hydro Power Plants
Geothermal Power Plants
Biomass-based Electricity
Fuel Cells
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Opportunities from Renewables
Major contributions from large-scale hydropower is uncertain
Low-head hydropower may be easier to develop
Geothermal energy is a small local contributor
Biomass will present modest opportunities Wind and solar will play more important
roles
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Hydropower Development
Large scale hydropower development in the industrialized world has almost come to a halt.
China, India, Turkey, Brazil, Nepal and some African countries have ongoing programs of large hydro projects, but significant environmental concerns.
Large areas are inundated requiring huge population movements.
Concerns about ecological damage and loss of biodiversity.
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Small scale hydropower
Generally up to 25 MW, Mostly low head, Does not require large dams, Flooding impacts are minimal, Does not impact the watershed, Equipment is less expensive, widely
available
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Geothermal Electricity
Site-specific Land-use effects can be significant Potential for environmentally-
damaging discharge Equipment cost can be high Conversion efficiency may be low Not all geothermal wells are
suitable for electricity production
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Solar Energy
Solar Thermal (heating/drying applications)
Solar Thermal Electricity Solar Photovoltaics
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FUEL CELLS
Fuel cells are an environmentally clean, quiet, and highly efficient method for generating electricity and heat from natural gas and other fuels.
They are vastly different from other power systems. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel directly to usable energy - electricity and heat - without combustion.
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The fuel cell works by processing a hydrogen-rich fuel - usually natural gas or methanol - into hydrogen, which, when combined with oxygen, produces electricity and water.
A fuel cell has few moving parts, and produces very little waste heat or gas.
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Fuel cells are the ideal technology for small power plants 200 kW to 2 MW, serving an emerging distributed generation market.
Larger advanced, ultra-high efficiency fuel cell/gas turbine sizes (1-100+MW) is designed to serve industrial and new, more central, or repowering units.
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Today's natural gas-fueled fuel cell power plants operate with an electrical conversion efficiency of 40 to 50 percent and are predicted to climb to the 50 to 60 percent in the near future. Fuel cells operate at high efficiency, regardless of size and load.
In comparison, high efficiency gas turbines operate at efficiencies of 33 to 35 percent.
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Wind Energy:Cost of Wind-Generated Electricity1980 to 2005 Levelized Cents/kWh
Cen
ts p
er k
Wh
'80 '84 ‘85 '88 '89 '91 '92 '95 '97 ''00 2005
1510 8 6 4 2.5- 3.5*
38 cents
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
'80 '84 '88 '89 '91 '92 '95 '97 ‘00 2005
* Assumptions: Levelized cost at excellent wind sites, large project size, (post 1994)
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Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World
Global % Growth by Energy Source, Annual Average,1990-98
25.7
16.8
3 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.60
5
10
15
20
25
30
Source: REPP,Worldwatch 1998/99
Nuclear
WindSolar PV
GeothermalNat. GasHydroOilCoal
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Comparing American and European Growthm
egaw
atts
Bar Graphs Represent new MW Capacity
Each Year
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
'82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96
U.S.
Europe
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Worldwide Wind Energy
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
U.S.GermanyDenmarkIndiaSpain
Meg
aw
atts
Cumulative Wind Capacity 1994-1998
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Technology Trends—Improved Reliability
Average Percent of Turbines Available for Operation at Any Given Time
Source: PG&E
1981 '83 '85 '90 '98
% A
vail
able
Year0
20
40
60
80
10098%
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Key Market Strategies
Pricing Support/Policies Tax Subsidies Min Fixed Payment Prices Mandates
Cost Reductions/
Technology Advances New Applications
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Cost Reductions
Financing Strategies Manufacturing Economy of Scale Better Sites and “Tuning” Turbines
for Site Conditions Technology Improvements
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New Applications
Offshore Installations
Cold Climates Low Wind Turbine
Designs High Wind,
Turbulence Weak Grids
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Market Barriers Public Acceptance/ Siting Issues
- Noise- Aesthetics
Transmission and Intermittence Knowledge of Wind
ResourceFamiliarity with the
Technology
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Projected Wind Growth Worldwide through 2007
W. & N. Europe
+20275 MWAsia
+10195 MW
U.S & Canada+ 7260 MW
Lat. Am. & Caribb. +5665
MWOther
+5080 MW
Total: + 48475 MWAll capacity is additional to current levels
Source: AWEA
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Gross Generation in World (TWH)
1996 2000 2010
OECD 8,177 8,698 10,446 Non- OECD 5,559 6,423 10,151
World Total 13,736 15,121 20,596
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Electricity Consumptions per Person per Year
United States: 12,000 kWhr China: 1,200 kWhr India: 550 kWhr
Over 2 billion out of 6 billion people have no access to electricity
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Remaining Fuels for Electricity and other Energy Uses
Oil: 20-30 years Natural Gas: 30-50 years Coal: 100 years or less
Resources are located in a few selected countries
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NSF Workshop on Sustainable Energy
Systems ??So, what sources are left?
Hydropower?
$2 trillion has been invested
80 million people have been displaced
25% of GHG has been emitted by vegetation rotting in hydro reservoirs
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Sustainable Energy Systems ??
Wind? Small, but meaningful
Solar? High potential with inexpensive storage
Fossil fuel? Highly efficient plants
Nuclear? Yet to be determined form