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Diverging Diamond
Interchange in Minnesota
An unconventional approach to a growing
congestion problem
ACEC Conference March 1, 2011
By
Darwin L. Yasis, P.E.
MnDOT State Geometrics Engineer
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• Overview
• Background / History
• Advantages / Disadvantages
• Design Considerations
Outline
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• It’s no secret that the level of traffic congestion on the
nation’s roadways continues to increase.
• Collectively, Americans spent nearly 500,000 years stuck
in traffic in 2007 — nearly 4.2 billion hours.
• The cost of traffic congestion hit $87.2 billion in wasted
fuel and lost productivity, or $750 per traveler.
Overview
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As residents, what are
your top 10 concerns for
the region?
Twin Cities Survey 2009
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A diverging diamond interchange (DDI), sometimes referred to as a
double crossover diamond (DCD), is a diamond interchange that more
efficiently facilitates heavy left-turn movements.
What is a Diverging Diamond Interchange?
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• 2000 – Thesis / Symposium (2003)• DDI in Versailles, France
• 2005 – FHWA conducted study
Candidate projects
• I-75 & US 224 in Findlay, Ohio
• I-435 / Front St Interchange in Kansas,
Missouri
• 2009 – first DDI in the U.S.• I-44 & SR 13 in Springfield, Missouri
DDI Background / History
Versailles, France
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• Reduced conflict points
• Higher capacity
• Traffic calming effect
• Signal operation improvement
• Reduced project cost
• Easy U-turn capability
Advantages
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Points of Conflict
Diamond SPUI
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Points of Conflict Comparison
Type Diamond SPUI DDI
Diverging 10 8 8
Merging 10 8 8
Crossing 10 8 2
Total 30 24 18
DDI
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• Constrained through movement
• Potentially confusing
• Off-ramp traffic cannot cross
• Ramps may require signalization
• Nearby signals complication
• Public acceptance / new idea
Disadvantages
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DDI Simulation
Simulation courtesy of Missouri DOT
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DDI is not the solution for every situation…
Design Considerations
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• Design Speed
• Horizontal Cross Over Geometrics / Sight distance
• Cross section geometrics
• 2-Phase Signal / Signal spacing
• Signing / Striping
• Bike / Pedestrian Accommodation
• R-O-W / Access control
Design Elements
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Design Elements
Crossing Angle
Horizontal Curve
Pedestrian Walkway
Lane Width
Striping/Signing
Shoulder
2-Phase Signal
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Design Elements
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Operational Comparison
Interchange Volume Scenarios
A – Heavy eastbound to northbound
B – Heavy westbound to southbound
C – Heavy through movements on crossroad
D – Heavy exchange movements
(Siromaskul, MnDOT presentation)
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Scenario DDI
(sec/veh)
SPUI
(sec/veh)
Dia.
(sec/veh)
A 25.2 23.3 27.5
B 24.8 53.0 26.2
C 25.6 49.6 16.7
D 21.5 47.2 29.1
Operational Comparison
Delay Comparison of
Tight Interchange Concepts
(Siromaskul, MnDOT presentation)
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Operational Comparison
Scenario DDI SPUI Dia.
A 5 8 8
B 5 8 7
C 5 8 6
D 5 8 8
Lanes Required on Bridge
For Tight Interchange Concepts
(Siromaskul, MnDOT presentation)
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Operational Comparison
In general, DDI
• Increases capacity by 15% to 25%
• Reduces delay up to 60%
(Bared, Edara, & Jagannathan, 2005)
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Interchange Location DDI Cost (real
or estimated)
Alternative
Design Cost
Cost Savings
I-44 / Route 13 Springfield,
Missouri
$3.2 Million Over $10 Million About 70%
I-435 / Front St Kansas City,
Missouri
$6.7 Million Diamond $11.4
Million
SPUI $25 Million
About 75%
SR-265 / SR-62 Utica, Indiana $52 Million $118 Million $66 Million
I-590 / Winton Rd Brighton, New
York
$3-4 Million SPUI $10 Million
Triple Left
Diamond
$13.6 Million
About $75%
Cost Comparison
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DDI Drive-through simulation
Simulation courtesy of Missouri DOT
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• I-44 @ MO 13 Kansas Expressway - Springfield, Missouri
• US 60 James River Freeway @ National Avenue -
Springfield, Missouri
• I-15 @ American Fork Main Street - American Fork, Utah
• I-270 & Dorsett Road - Maryland Heights, Missouri
• US 129 Bypass / SR 115 @ Middlesettlements Road /
Bessemer Street - Alcoa, Tennessee
Diverging Diamonds Open to Traffic in the U.S.
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• TH15/CSAH 12 in Sartell near St.
Cloud
• TH52 Elk Run Interchange in Pine
Island
• I-494 & 34th Ave in Bloomington
• I-35E & Maryland Ave. in St. Paul
Proposed Diverging Diamonds in Minnesota