Download - Diversity
![Page 1: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Finding Order in DiversityChapter 18Page 446
![Page 3: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Why Classify? (Why Organize?)• To study the great diversity of life. • Biologists attempt to organize living things into groups
in a logical manner that have biological meaning.
![Page 4: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• The science of organizing and classifying is called TAXONOMY. Each life form is given a universally accepted name. (This avoids confusion caused by regional names.)
• What is the name of this animal?• Mountain lion / puma / cougar / panther• Felis concolor
![Page 5: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Classification: A Historical Perspective
1. Aristotle (350 BC) – Noted the need for classification. Distinguished organisms by habitat and means of reproduction [simple and obvious groups]Point – God is orderly and organized and we are created in His image, therefore, it is right for us to be ordered and organized…
2. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) – Father of Taxonomy. Two main contributions…
![Page 6: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1. Assigned each organism a two-part Latin name. Binomial NomenclaturePart I – Genus (first letter always capitalized)
Part II – species (first letter always lowercase)
[Canis lupus – gray wolf][Canis familiaris – common dog]
-- usually italicized or underlinedLinnaeus focused on two groups of life – Plants
and Animals – he contributed 11,000 biological names.
![Page 7: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2. Grouped organisms into a hierarchy of categories: Kingdom (large and general) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (small and specific)Taxon - a group to which organisms are assigned according
to the principles of taxonomy, including species, genus, family, order, class, and phylum
![Page 8: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Modern Classification• Biologists now group organisms into categories that
represent lines of descent (phylogeny), not just visible physical characteristics.
• Lines of descent form a family tree diagram called a cladogram. [Cladograms are useful tools that help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution. A cladogram represents evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.]
![Page 9: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Systems of Classification
• The scientific view of life was simpler in Linnaeus’s time:
1. 1700’s Plants and Animals
2. 1800’s Plants, Animals, and Protists (microbes)
![Page 10: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3. R.H. Whittaker (1950’s) – proposed a 5 Kingdom system of classification based on cell type – Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
![Page 11: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
4.(1990’s) – A Six Kingdom Classification System
![Page 12: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
4. Carl Woese (most recent – late 1990’s) – Proposed the formation of three domains.
![Page 13: Diversity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070304/54b8f6964a7959fa408b45d4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)