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DNAProtein Synthesis
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DNA StructureDNA Structure
• Rosalind Franklin took diffraction x-ray photographs of DNA crystals
• In the 1950’s, Watson & Crick built the first model of DNA using Franklin’s x-rays
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Rosalind Franklin Frances Crick & James Watson
X-ray diffraction photograph of DNA, 1953
Proposed double helix model 1953
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Cell
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What is DNA?What is DNA?• DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic
instruction set.
• It is composed of a linear sequence of units called nucleotides.
• There are four different kinds of nucleotides (designated by the letters A, G, C, & T; sometimes called “bases”).
• An individual DNA strand (or chromosome) may consist of 100,000’s of nucleotides.
• The sequence of the nucleotides of a DNA strand determines the genetic code.
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DNA
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Polymers made up of individual nucleotides
Nucleotides contain• Phosphate group• Five carbon sugar• Ring shaped nitrogen base
DNA contains information for almost all cell activities
DNA
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Nitrogen Base
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ADENINE (A) THYMINE (T)
Chargaff’s RuleChargaff’s Rule
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GUANINE (G)
CYTOSINE (C)
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DNA is Double StrandedDNA is Double StrandedDNA is Double StrandedDNA is Double Stranded
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16
Question:
• What would be the complementary DNA strand for the following DNA sequence?
DNA 5’-CGTATG-3DNA 5’-CGTATG-3’’
copyright cmassengale
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17
Answer:Answer:
DNA 5’-CGTATG-3’DNA 5’-CGTATG-3’
DNA 3’-GCATAC-5’DNA 3’-GCATAC-5’
copyright cmassengale
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Gene Gene ExpressionExpression
Transcription
Translation
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RNRNAA
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Contrasting RNA with Contrasting RNA with DNADNA
Single-stranded Ribose Bases
AdenineUracilGuanineCytosine
Double-stranded Deoxyribose Bases
AdenineThymineGuanineCytosine
RNA DNA
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Three Kinds of RNA
• mRNA (Messenger RNA)• rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)• tRNA (Transfer RNA)
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Ribosome
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tRNAtRNA
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TranscriptiTranscriptionon
DNA Sense Strand
mRNA
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Transcription
DNA Sense Strand
mRNA Transcript
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TranscriptionTranscription
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TranslationTranslationAmino Acid
tRNA
mRNA
Codon
Anticodon
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TranslatiTranslationon
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TranslatiTranslationon
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TranslatiTranslationon
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TranslatiTranslationon
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TranslatiTranslationon
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TranslatiTranslationon
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TranslatiTranslationon
Stop codon
AA
1
AAAA
U A GA U C
2
AA
Complete protein
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHM4UUVHPQM