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DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation
Chapter 12-2, 12-3
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DNA structure
Each human cell has 1 m of DNA Chromatin – DNA wrapped around histone
proteins Nucleosome – beadlike structure that
helps to fold DNA During mitosis and meiosis DNA forms
chromosomes Nucleosomes may affect how genes are
read and expressed
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Chromosome
Supercoils
Coils
Nucleosome
Histones
DNA
double
helix
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DNA Replication Occurs during S phase of cell cycle Makes a second copy of DNA for cell
division Possible because DNA strands are
complimentary Each strand acts as a template for a new
complementary strand
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DNA Replication DNA molecule is duplicated or copied DNA polymerase – enzyme that replicates DNA
Growth
Growth
Replication fork
DNA polymerase
New strand
Original strand DNA
polymerase
Nitrogenous bases
Replication fork
Original strand New strand
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/dna-rna2.swf http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter3/animation__dna_replication__quiz_1_.html
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Structure of RNA
Made of Nucleotides 3 main differences between RNA and DNA
Sugar = ribose Single stranded Uracil instead of Thymine
Disposable copy of DNA Used as instructions for making proteins Dictates order of amino acids in proteins
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Protein Synthesis
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Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)– carry the copy from the nucleus into the cytoplasm
Messenger RNA Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus.
Nucleus
mRNA
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Types of RNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)– make up the ribosome
Ribosome made of rRNA
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Types of RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries the amino acid to the ribosome to be added to the protein
Amino Acid tRNA
Anticodon
Start Codon
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Transcription
RNA copy is made from a DNA template Uracil is used instead of Thymine Takes place in the nucleus RNA polymerase = protein that makes
RNA RNA polymerase binds to promoter region
on DNA
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf
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Transcription
RNA DNA
RNA polymerase
Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only)
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Genetic Code
Protein = polypeptide = chain of amino acids
Codon = 3 nucleotides Each codon codes for an amino acid 64 possible codons 20 different amino acids
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Genetic code
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Translation Occurs in the cytoplasm Ribosome attaches to mRNA reads mRNA codons tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome tRNA anticodons match with mRNA codons Ribosome forms peptide bonds between amino
acids http://www-
class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a1.html
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf
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RNA DNA
RNA polymerase
Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only)
RNA DNA
RNA polymerase
Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only)
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Messenger RNA Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus.
Transfer RNA The mRNA then enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome. Translation begins at AUG, the start codon. Each transfer RNA has an anticodon whose bases are complementary to a codon on the mRNA strand. The ribosome positions the start codon to attract its anticodon, which is part of the tRNA that binds methionine. The ribosome also binds the next codon and its anticodon.
mRNA Start codon
Ribosome
Methionine
Phenylalanine tRNA Lysine
Nucleus
Figure 12–18 Translation Section 12-3
mRNA
Go to Section:
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The Polypeptide “Assembly Line” The ribosome joins the two amino acids—methionine and phenylalanine—and breaks the bond between methionine and its tRNA. The tRNA floats away, allowing the ribosome to bind to another tRNA. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, binding new tRNA molecules and amino acids.
mRNA Ribosome
Translation direction
Lysine tRNA
tRNA
Ribosome
Growing polypeptide chain
mRNA
Completing the Polypeptide The process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stop codons. The result is a growing polypeptide chain.
Figure 12–18 Translation (continued) Section 12-3
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