![Page 1: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?
![Page 2: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What are Proteins?
• Organic compounds contain C, H, O, N
• Made of small units called amino acids-
building blocks of proteins
![Page 3: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What are Proteins continued?
• Proteins are made at the ribosomes• Ribosomes read the DNA message on the mRNA and join amino acids to make proteins• Your body can make 12 of the 20 amino acids, but the other 8 essential amino acids must
come from your diet• Name food items that are good source of these
essential amino acids? (Hint: must come from protein source).
![Page 4: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Marcia S. Brose, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Hematology/Oncology, The University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit4_1_muscle_functions.html
Functions of Proteins• Enzymes-catalyst proteins used to control the rate of chemical reactions (lower amount of energy needed to start a reaction)
• Structural component of body: skin, hair, muscles, bone
![Page 5: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20seven
Functions of Proteins continued
• Some proteins are hormones and carry chemical messages; for example insulin, regulates blood sugar
• Transport substances such as hemoglobin in RBC that
carries O2
• Protect body against disease; antibodies of immune system
![Page 6: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SO…how does a cell make proteins anyway? And what does
this have to do with DNA and RNA?
![Page 7: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
DNA• Contains deoxyribose
sugar• Is double stranded• Bonds A-T and C-G• Never leaves the nucleus
• Contains ribose sugar• Is single stranded• Bonds A-U and C-G• Can leave the nucleus
vs. RNA
Let’s Review…
![Page 8: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Remember there are three types of RNA
• mRNA: messenger RNA; carries DNA message to ribosomes
mRNA
tRNA towingAmino acid
• rRNA: ribosomal RNA; makes up ribosome-protein factories of the cell
• tRNA: transfer RNA; transfers amino acids to ribosomes
Proteinfactory
![Page 9: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Role of RNA
• While DNA contains the instructions for making proteins in the form of genes…
• RNA is the molecule that actually does all the work of putting the protein together
A
A
C
G A
A
A
T
C
C
T
C
G
T
G
T
![Page 10: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Overall Process of Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression)
DNA
Transcription Translation
Transcription •Information in DNA is “transcribed” (rewritten) as a molecule of mRNA
mRNA
Protein
Translation•DNA information on mRNA is “translated” into protein language
![Page 11: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Enzymes
• What organic compound group do enzymes belong to?
• There are two different enzymes necessary in making a protein.
• Helicase – breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases
• Polymerase – brings new nucleotides and bonds them to existing strands
![Page 12: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION- First Process of Protein Synthesis
• Occurs in the nucleus
• Initiator (start) Codon: AUG
• 60 nucleotides are copied per second
• Makes mRNA from DNA template
• Uses RNA Polymerase
![Page 13: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION Steps
1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
G
G
C
G
![Page 14: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
G
G
C
G
![Page 15: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
G
G
C
G
![Page 16: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
G
G
C
G
![Page 17: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
G
G
C
G
![Page 18: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
G
G
C
G
![Page 19: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
G
G
C
G
![Page 20: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
2. The DNA strands break apart A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
G
G
C
G
![Page 21: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
![Page 22: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
![Page 23: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
![Page 24: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
![Page 25: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
![Page 26: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
3. RNA Polymerase brings in mRNA nucleotides and matches them with their DNA complement.
![Page 27: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
![Page 28: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
![Page 29: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
![Page 30: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
G
![Page 31: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
G
A
![Page 32: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
G
A
U
![Page 33: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
G
A
U
mRNADNA
![Page 34: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
G
A
U 4. mRNA breaks away from the DNA strand and goes to the ribosome
![Page 35: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
G
A
U
![Page 36: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
G
A
U
![Page 37: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
G
A
U
![Page 38: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
G
A
U
To Ribosome
![Page 39: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
5. The DNA strand is put back together
![Page 40: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
![Page 41: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
![Page 42: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
![Page 43: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
![Page 44: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
![Page 45: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
G
G
C
G
![Page 46: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
SUMMARYTranscription
G
A
C
G
A
U
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
G
G
CG
DNA mRNA
Translation
A U U
Amino Acid
tRNA Protein
![Page 47: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eca5503460f94bd82b1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Some additional notes about making
mRNA… • DNA contains many non-coding regions, also
known as “junk DNA” • RNA is not made from the junk DNA• Only 1 of the 2 DNA strands is used to make the
mRNA; this strand is called the DNA template• DNA code on the mRNA is read three bases at
once, and these three letter base combinations on the mRNA are called codons
• Codons determine your genetic code and the traits expressed from protein synthesis