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DNA Technology
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I. Genes in action
• Mutation – Change in structure or amount of genetic material of an organism. Change in DNA sequence.
* Most genetic differences result from some kind of genetic mutation.
Ex. brown vs blue eye color
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Mutagens
• Environmental factors which increase mutation rates. Include forms of radiation and some kinds of chemicals
Ex: UV radiation and skin cancer, Cigarette smoke and lung cancer
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Results of Genetic Change
1) Harmful – Sickle cell, Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis
2) Beneficial - Larger crops, resistance to pesticides
3) Neutral – No change in organism*
* most common
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Results of Genetic Change
1) Harmful – Sickle cell, Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis
2) Beneficial - Larger crops, resistance to pesticides
3) Neutral – No change in organism*
* most common
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Tay-Sachs Disease
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2 Types of Mutations
1) Somatic cells (Body cells)– Ex: Cancer, tumors,
warts
2) Germ cells (Gametes) *
* Only mutations in Germ cells (gametes) can be inherited
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II. Gene Technology
• Genome – All the DNA an organism has within its chromosomes
• Human Genome Project – Identified all the human genes on each of the 46 chromosomes
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A) Genetic Engineering
• Genetic Engineering The deliberate change of genetic material of an organism. Copies of a gene from one organism are inserted into another
The presence of a fluorescent component in the bioluminescent organs of Aequorea victoria jellyfish
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The presence of a fluorescent component in the bioluminescent organs of Aequorea victoria jellyfish
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Recombinant DNA
• Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been recombined by genetic engineering.
• New organisms are called recombinants, transgenics, or GMO’s (genetically modified organisms)
A tobacco plant that has been genetically engineered with a fluorescent gene that causes it to glow...
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A tobacco plant that has been genetically engineered with a fluorescent gene that causes it to glow...
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Recombinants, transgenics, or GMO’s (genetically modified organisms)
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Genetic Engineering process:
1) Restriction enzymes cut DNA samples from an organism’s chromosome and bacterial plasmid.
2) The two DNA are spliced together with a special ligase enzyme.
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Genetic Engineering process:
1) Restriction enzymes cut DNA samples from an organism’s chromosome and bacterial plasmid.
2) The two DNA are spliced together with a special ligase enzyme.
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Genetic Engineering process:
1) Restriction enzymes cut DNA samples from an organism’s chromosome and bacterial plasmid.
2) The two DNA are spliced together with a special ligase enzyme.
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Genetic Engineering process:
3) The recombinant DNA plasmid is placed in a host bacteria
4) When the bacteria reproduces and divides the “new” gene is present
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Genetic Engineering process:
3) The recombinant DNA plasmid is placed in a host bacteria
4) When the bacteria reproduces and divides the “new” gene is present
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Genetic Engineering process:
3) The recombinant DNA plasmid is placed in a host bacteria
4) When the bacteria reproduces and divides the “new” gene is present
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Genetic Engineering application
• Food crops, livestock, medical treatment (insulin), basic research
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The presence of a fluorescent component in the bioluminescent organs of Aequorea victoria jellyfish
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B) DNA fingerprinting
Process:• 1) A collected DNA
sample is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes.
• 2) Special polymerase enzymes create several batches of the sample DNA
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B) DNA fingerprinting
Process:• 1) A collected DNA
sample is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes.
• 2) Special polymerase enzymes create several batches of the sample DNA
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B) DNA fingerprintingProcess:• 3) The DNA fragments
are sorted by an electrical impulse technique called gel electrophoresis
• 4) Exposure to photographic or X-ray film reveals the single strands. Each person’s DNA makes a unique pattern
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B) DNA fingerprintingProcess:• 3) The DNA fragments
are sorted by an electrical impulse technique called gel electrophoresis
• 4) Exposure to photographic or X-ray film reveals the single strands. Each person’s DNA makes a unique pattern
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B) DNA fingerprintingProcess:• 3) The DNA fragments
are sorted by an electrical impulse technique called gel electrophoresis
• 4) Exposure to photographic or X-ray film reveals the single strands. Each person’s DNA makes a unique pattern
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DNA fingerprinting
• Application:• DNA fingerprints can
be compared to determine if samples are from the same person or related ancestry. Used to ID criminals, family members, deceased bodies
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DNA fingerprinting
• Application:• DNA fingerprints can
be compared to determine if samples are from the same person or related ancestry. Used to ID criminals, family members, deceased bodies
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It is easy to see in this example that daughter 2 is the child from the mother’s previous marriage and son 2 is adopted. You can see that both daughter 1 and son 1 share RFLPs with both the mom and dad (coloured blue and yellow respectively), while daughter 2 has RFLPs of the mom but not the dad, and son 2 does not have RFLPs from either parent.
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C) Cloning
• Cloning – An organism or piece of genetic material that is identical to the original or parent organism. Process where a single cell becomes a whole identical organism
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Fig. 20-16
EXPERIMENT
Transversesection ofcarrot root
2-mgfragments
Fragments werecultured in nu-trient medium;stirring causedsingle cells toshear off intothe liquid.
Singlecellsfree insuspensionbegan todivide.
Embryonicplant developedfrom a culturedsingle cell.
Plantlet wascultured onagar medium.Later it wasplantedin soil.
A singlesomaticcarrot celldevelopedinto a maturecarrot plant.
RESULTS
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Fig. 20-17
EXPERIMENT
Less differ-entiated cell
RESULTS
Frog embryo Frog egg cell
UV
Donornucleustrans-planted
Frog tadpole
Enucleated egg cell
Egg with donor nucleus activated to begin
development
Fully differ-entiated(intestinal) cell
Donor nucleus trans-planted
Most developinto tadpoles
Most stop developingbefore tadpole stage
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Fig. 20-18
TECHNIQUE
Mammarycell donor
RESULTS
Surrogatemother
Nucleus frommammary cell
Culturedmammary cells
Implantedin uterusof a thirdsheep
Early embryo
Nucleusremoved
Egg celldonor
Embryonicdevelopment Lamb (“Dolly”)
genetically identical tomammary cell donor
Egg cellfrom ovary
Cells fused
Grown inculture
1
33
4
5
6
2
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Cloning
• Natural cloning – Asexual reproduction in bacteria, budding of parts in some plants and fungi, vegetative propagation of new plants from parts
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Any plans for today?
Yeah! I’m
going
fission!
Hey Bud,
What’s
up?
Not much!
Hey Bud!
What
Spud?
Hi Mom! It’s
me, You!
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Any plans for
today?
Yeah! I’m
going
fission!
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Hey Bud, What’s
up?
Not much!
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Hey Bud!
What
Spud?
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Hi Mom! It’s
me, You!
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D) Stem cells
• Stem cells – cells that continually divide and form various tissues.
• Found in embryo and some tissues– Application: Can be
used to produce or replace damaged nerve, muscle, blood, or
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D) Stem cells
• Stem cells – cells that continually divide and form various tissues.
• Found in embryo and some tissues– Application: Can be
used to produce or replace damaged nerve, muscle, blood, or
![Page 80: DNA Technology I. Genes in action Mutation – Change in structure or amount of genetic material of an organism. Change in DNA sequence. * Most genetic](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012919/56649f1c5503460f94c31fd5/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
D) Stem cells
• Stem cells – cells that continually divide and form various tissues.
• Found in embryo and some tissues– Application: Can be
used to produce or replace damaged nerve, muscle, blood, or
![Page 81: DNA Technology I. Genes in action Mutation – Change in structure or amount of genetic material of an organism. Change in DNA sequence. * Most genetic](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012919/56649f1c5503460f94c31fd5/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
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