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DNA
"The Blueprint of Life"
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Vocabulary
1. Nucleotide2. Base pairing3. Chromatin4. Histone5. Replication6. DNA Polymerase7. mRNA8. rRNA9. tRNA
10.Transcription11.RNA Polymerase12.Promoter13.Intron14.Exon15.Codon16.Translation17.Anticodon18.Mutation
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DNA FACTS
•established by James Watson and Francis Crick
•Shape of a double
helix
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•codes for your genes (traits/allleles)•made of repeating subunits called
nucleotides
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What is a nucleotide?Has three parts:
PHOSPHATEDEOXYRIBOSE (5 Carbon sugar)BASE (A,T,G,C)
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Base-Pair Rule
Adenine <==> Thymine
Guanine <==> Cytosine
The sides of the DNA ladder are phosphate & sugar
held together by hydrogen bonds
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Mnemonic
Come up with a memory device/slogan/phrase to remember the 4 nitrogen bases and how they pair up.
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Review Quiz!
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Base Pair Rule
One side: A T A T C A T G C G G G
Other side:
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Let’s Practice
Fill In the complementary base pairs
AAT GAC CCG TAG GGC GAT
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DNA Coloring
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DNA REPLICATION
the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself (cell division)
SEMI-CONSERVATIVE - half of the old strand is saved
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Steps of DNA Replication
1• Enzyme Helicase separates the DNA
strands
2
• Enzymes called DNA polymerases add the compatible nucleotides (found floating in nucleus) to the original strands
• Hydrogen bonds form between the new nitrogen bases
3
• DNA polymerases are released• 2 DNA molecules, identical, are created
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Errors in Replication
• DNA replication usually occurs with great accuracy.• Only about 1 error for every BILLION pairs of nucleotides
(for example: retyping your Biology text book 1000 times and only making 1 typo)
• When a mistake occurs, the base sequence is changed; this is called a MUTATION
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Review Quiz #2
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Protein Synthesis
A gene (a segment on a DNA strand) codes for a specific hereditary item (ie hair color).
The gene is the instruction for the making of the protein that creates that item (ie blond hair).
To get the instructions to the ribosome (where proteins are made) DNA uses RNA to deliver the genetic information to the ribosome where the protein is created.
This entire process= PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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RNA - the messenger *single strand*ribose sugar*contains no thymine, uracil instead
*follows base pair rules
DNA: A T A G C GRNA:
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RNA carries the "message" to the ribosomes, where proteins are made
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DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Proteins are the building blocks of the organism (traits)
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Transcription - process where RNA is made from DNA
Translation - process where proteins are made from RNA
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Steps of Transcription
1• RNA polymerase binds to a promoter• The DNA strands unwind and separate
2
• RNA polymerase adds free RNA nucleotides that are compatible with the DNA strand
• Unlike DNA replication, transcription only codes for a particular gene (not the entire strand)
3
• RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal that marks the end of the gene
• RNA polymerase releases, DNA rewinds and the new RNA strand goes on to perform its job
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Transcription and Translation Coloring
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Types of RNA
mRNA
• Messenger RNA
• A single strand, carries instructions to ribosome
rRNA
• Ribosomal RNA
• Part of the structure of the ribosome
tRNA
• Transfer RNA
• Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein
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Quick Review Quiz #3
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How the Code Works
The combination of A,T,G,C determines what traits you might have.....
C A T C A T = purple hair
T A C T A C = yellow hair
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Think of the bases of DNA like letters.
Letters form words....
Words form sentences.... *endless combinations
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The Genetic Code
3 adjacent nucleotides (‘letters’) in mRNA specify a particular amino acid (‘word’). 3 nucleotides also = a codon.
There are 64 codons that encode most organisms.
GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG are all codons that code for the amino acid, Alanine.
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What would the amino acid be for the following codons:
AAA
UGC
CCG
AUA
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Steps of Translation—the making of Proteins
1
• tRNA and mRNA join together• Codons match up with anticodons on the tRNA
2
• Polypeptide chain is put together• The amino acids that are coded for begin to make a chain
3• The chain continues to grow as more amino acids are
added as the codons instruct
4• The ribosome reaches a ‘stop’ codon and the polypeptide
chain is complete.
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Protein Synthesis Coloring
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Packet Review, Protein Synthesis and RNA
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Protein Power Game