Download - Do the Boxers Deserve a Bad Rap? - C3 Teachers · associated Christian missionary activity. Western powers, including the United States, intervened and defeated Chinese forces. This

NEWYORKSTATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCETOOLKIT

T H I S W O R K I S L I C E N S E D U N D E R A C R E A T I V E C OMMON S A T T R I B U T I O N - N O N C OMM E R C I A L - S H A R E A L I K E 4 . 0 I N T E R N A T I O N A L L I C E N S E . 1

10thGradeImperialismInquiry

DotheBoxersDeserveaBadRap?

DepartmentoftheArmy,OfficeoftheChiefSignalOfficer.“AChineseBoxer,1900.”Publicdomain.https://research.archives.gov/id/530870.

SupportingQuestions

1. HowdidtheOpiumWarscreateforeigninfluenceinChinaandhowdidtheChinesereact?

2. WhatwerethegoalsandconsequencesofChristianmissionsinChinaandwhydidtheBoxersobjecttothese?

3. WhathappenedduringtheBoxerRebellion?4. TowhatextentweretheBoxersmisunderstood?


T H I S W O R K I S L I C E N S E D U N D E R A C R E A T I V E C OMMON S A T T R I B U T I O N - N O N C OMM E R C I A L - S H A R E A L I K E 4 . 0 I N T E R N A T I O N A L L I C E N S E . 2

10thGradeImperialismInquiry

DotheBoxersDeserveaBadRap?NewYorkStateSocialStudiesFrameworkKeyIdea&Practices

10.4IMPERIALISM:WesternEuropeaninteractionswithAfricaandAsiashiftedfromlimitedregionalcontactsalongthecoasttogreaterinfluenceandconnectionsthroughouttheseregions.Competingindustrializedstatessoughttocontrolandtransportrawmaterialsandcreatenewmarketsacrosstheworld.

Gathering,Using,andInterpretingEvidence ChronologicalReasoningandCausationStagingtheQuestion AnalyzeaHarper’sWeeklypoliticalcartoonanddiscusswhostudentsthinktheBoxerswereandhow

peopleintheUnitedStatesviewedthem.

SupportingQuestion1 SupportingQuestion2 SupportingQuestion3 SupportingQuestion4

HowdidtheOpiumWarscreateforeigninfluenceinChinaandhowdidtheChinesereact?

WhatwerethegoalsandconsequencesofChristianmissionsinChinaandwhydidtheBoxersobject?

WhathappenedduringtheBoxerRebellion?

TowhatextentweretheBoxersmisunderstood?

FormativePerformanceTask




Write2–3sentencesdescribinghowtheOpiumWarscreatedforeigninfluencesinChinaandtheChinesereactions.

WriteaparagraphexplainingthegoalsofChristianmissionariesinChinaanddescribingtheBoxers’perspectiveonthesemissions.

Createatwo-columnchartthatexplainstheeventsoftheBoxerRebellionthroughtheperspectivesdescribedinthefeaturedsources.

DevelopaclaimsupportedbyevidencethatexplainstowhatextenttheBoxersweremisunderstood.

FeaturedSources FeaturedSources FeaturedSources FeaturedSources

SourceA:Excerptfrom“TheOpiumWarandForeignEncroachment”

SourceA:“AmericanMissionariesinChina”SourceB:LetterfromHua-ChengKweitotheHolyUnionMissioninSweden.

SourceA:ExcerptfromFeiCh'i-hao’saccountoftheBoxerRebellionSourceB:ExcerptfromLuellaMinor’saccountoftheBoxerRebellion

SourceA:Excerptfrom“RememberingtheBoxerUprising:ARighteousFist”SourceB:Excerptfrom“TheOpenDoorPolicyandtheBoxerWar:TheUSandChina”SourceC:Excerptfrom“TheBoxerRebellion”

SummativePerformanceTask

ARGUMENTDotheBoxersdeserveabadrap?Constructanargument(e.g.,detailedoutline,poster,essay)thataddressesthecompellingquestionusingspecificclaimsandrelevantevidencefromhistoricalsourceswhileacknowledgingcompetingperspectives.EXTENSIONCreatetextbookentriesthatexpresshowtheBoxerRebellionshouldberepresentedintextbooks.

TakingInformedAction

UNDERSTANDResearchChina’srecentventureswithimperialisminAfrica.ASSESSWeighthebenefitsandconsequencesoftheseactionsforChina,Africa,andtheUnitedStates.ACTWriteanop-edpiecethatbringsawarenesstotheissueanduseevidencetomakeclaimsthatsupportorcriticizeChina’sactions.


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Overview

InquiryDescription

Between1899and1901,inwhatbecameknownastheBoxerRebellion,aChinesesecretorganizationcalledtheSocietyoftheRighteousandHarmoniousFistsledanuprisinginnorthernChinaagainstforeignimperialismandassociatedChristianmissionaryactivity.Westernpowers,includingtheUnitedStates,intervenedanddefeatedChineseforces.ThisinquiryinvestigatesthemultifacetedviewsofimperialisminChinaduringthelate19thandearly20thcenturiesbyinvestigatingthecompellingquestion“DotheBoxersdeserveabadrap?”StudentsconsidernotonlythebrutaleventsoftheBoxerRebellioninChina,butalsothereasonswhytheBoxersrebelledagainstforeignpowersinthefirstplace.Whileprogressingthroughtheinquiry,studentsconsiderthepolitical,economic,andreligiousreasonsforbothimperialismandtheBoxerRebellion.StudentsthenconsidertheactionsoftheBoxersandwhetherornotthoseactionsmightbemisunderstood.

InadditiontotheKeyIdealistedearlier,thisinquiryhighlightsthefollowingConceptualUnderstanding:

• (10.4b)Thosewhofacedbeingcolonizedengagedinvaryingformsofresistanceandadaptationtocolonialrulewithvaryingdegreesofsuccess.

NOTE:Thisinquiryisexpectedtotakefourtosix40-minuteclassperiods.Theinquirytimeframecouldexpandifteachersthinktheirstudentsneedadditionalinstructionalexperiences(i.e.,supportingquestions,formativeperformancetasks,andfeaturedsources).Inquiriesarenotscripts,soteachersareencouragedtomodifyandadaptthemtomeettheneedsandinterestsoftheirparticularstudents.Resourcescanalsobemodifiedasnecessarytomeetindividualizededucationprograms(IEPs)orSection504Plansforstudentswithdisabilities.

StructureoftheInquiry

Inaddressingthecompellingquestion“DotheBoxersdeserveabadrap?”studentsworkthroughaseriesofsupportingquestions,formativeperformancetasks,andfeaturedsourcesinordertoconstructanargumentwithevidencewhileacknowledgingcompetingperspectives.

StagingtheCompellingQuestion

TeacherscouldstagethecompellingquestionbyusingthepoliticalcartoonTheBoxers,printedinHarper’sWeeklyin1900.ThepoliticalcartooncouldbeusedtosparkdiscussionaboutwhostudentsthinktheBoxerswereandhowtheythinkpeopleintheUnitedStatesviewedthem.StudentsmightalsoconsidersymbolssuchasUncleSam’sboxingglovesaswellasexaggerationssuchasthedepictionoftheChineserebel.Teachersshouldpointoutthestereotypesandexaggerationsdrawninthecartoonandmayask,“Whodoyouthinkdrewthiscartoonandwhy?”or“WhatdoesthiscartoontellyouaboutWesternperceptionsoftheChinese?”AresourceguidehelpfultostudentsastheyanalyzepoliticalcartoonscanbefoundattheLibraryofCongress:http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/activities/political-cartoon/cag.html

http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/activities/political-cartoon/cag.html

http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/activities/political-cartoon/cag.html


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SupportingQuestion1

Thefirstsupportingquestion—“HowdidtheOpiumWarscreateforeigninfluenceinChinaandhowdidtheChinesereact?”—focusesonthepoliticalandeconomicbenefitswesternersachievedthroughimperialisminChina.ThefeaturedsourceisanexcerptabouttheOpiumWarsandhowtheycontributedtoforeigninfluenceinChinaTheformativeperformancetaskcallsonstudentstowritea2-to3-sentencesummaryofthesourcedescribinghowtheOpiumWarscreatedforeigninfluencesandhowtheChinesereactedtotheseevents.

SupportingQuestion2

Inthesecondsupportingquestion—“WhatwerethegoalsandconsequencesofChristianmissionsinChinaandwhydidtheBoxersobjecttothese?”—studentsturntheirattentiontoreligionanditsroleinimperialism.Fortheformativeperformancetask,studentswriteaparagraphexplainingthegoalsofChristianmissionariesinChinaanddescribingtheBoxers’perspectiveontheseefforts.ThefirstfeaturedsourceisanoverviewbyhistorianWalterLaFeberofthemissionariesandtheirreceptioninChina.ThesecondfeaturedsourceisalettersentbyaChineseChristiantothemissioncenterinSwedenduringtheBoxerRebellion.

SupportingQuestion3

Thethirdsupportingquestion—“WhathappenedduringtheBoxerRebellion?”—allowsstudentstoinvestigatethedifficultandsometimesbrutaldetailsoftheBoxerRebellionthroughfirst-personaccountsoftheevents.Forthisformativeperformancetask,studentscreateatwo-columnchartthatexplainstheeventsoftheBoxerRebellionthrougheachofthefirst-personperspectivesprovidedinthefeaturedsources.ThefirstfeaturedsourceisanaccountbyFeiCh'i-hao,aChineseChristianduringtherebellion.ThesecondfeaturedsourceistheperspectiveofLuellaMinor,aprofessorattheAmericanCollegeatTungchau.Asstudentscompletetheircharts,teachersshouldguidethemtoincludenotonlythedetailsofwhathappened,butalso,whenappropriate,theemotionalreactionsoftheparticipants.

SupportingQuestion4

Thefinalsupportingquestion—“TowhatextentweretheBoxersmisunderstood?”—callsonstudentstoconsiderhowtheChineseviewedtheBoxersandwhetherornottheirrebellionhasbeenmisunderstoodbywesterners.Forthisformativeperformancetask,studentsdevelopaclaimusingevidencethatanswersthesupportingquestion.ThefirstfeaturedsourceisanexcerptfromTheEconomistthatdetailswhytheBoxersmightbeconsidered“misguidedpatriots.”ThesecondandthirdfeaturedsourcesareexcerptsfromhistoriansWalterLaFeberandWarrenCohenthathighlightthecomplexhistoryoftheBoxers,includingtheirvenerationinChinaandthedevelopmentofmythsbytheWest.


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SummativePerformanceTask

AtthispointintheinquirystudentshaveconsideredtheWesternpolitical,economic,andreligiousgoalsofimperialismandtheBoxers’actionsinresponse.StudentshavealsoexaminedthebrutaleventsoftheBoxerRebellionandconsideredwhetherornottheBoxersmightbemisunderstood.Studentsshouldbeexpectedtodemonstratethebreadthoftheirunderstandingsandtheirabilitiestouseevidencefrommultiplesourcestosupporttheirdistinctclaims.Inthistask,studentsconstructanevidence-basedargumentrespondingtothecompellingquestion“DotheBoxersdeserveabadrap?”Itisimportanttonotethatstudents’argumentscouldtakeavarietyofforms,includingadetailedoutline,poster,oressay.

Students’argumentslikelywillvary,butcouldincludeanyofthefollowing:

• TheBoxersdeserveabadrapbecauseoftheirbrutalityandintoleranceagainstforeignpowers,missionaries,andChinesecitizens.

• TheBoxersdonotdeserveabadrapbecausetheirrebellionwasareactiontotheexploitationofthecountry,botheconomicallyandculturally,byforeignpowers.

• TheBoxersmightdeserveabadrapbecause,althoughbrutalattimes,theirrebellionwasalsoadefensiveresponsetoforeignmissionariesandWesterncultureovertakingtheirwayoflife.

Studentscouldextendtheirargumentsbycreatingtextbookentries(i.e.,textandpictures)thatrepresentstheirviewsonhowtheBoxerRebellionshouldberepresentedinhistorybooks.

StudentshavetheopportunitytoTakeInformedActionbydrawingontheirknowledgeofthecostsandbenefitsofimperialism.TheydemonstratethattheyunderstandbyresearchinghowChinamaybeconsiderednewimperialistsinAfrica.StudentscouldbeginbyreadingtheNewYorkerarticle“ChinainAfrica:TheNewImperialists?”(http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/china-in-africa-the-new-imperialists)andsupplementtheirfindingswithotherresearch.StudentsshowtheirabilitytoassessbyexaminingthebenefitsandconsequencesoftheseactionsforChina,Africa,andothernationssuchastheUnitedStates.Andtheyactbywritinganop-edthatbringsawarenesstotheissueandusesevidencetomakeclaimsthatsupportorcriticizeChina’sactions.

http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/china-in-africa-the-new-imperialists


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StagingtheCompellingQuestion

FeaturedSource WilliamAllenRogers,politicalcartoonabouttherelationshipbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheBoxers,“TheBoxers,”HarpersWeekly,June9,1900

UncleSam(totheobstreperousBoxer)."Ioccasionallydoalittleboxingmyself."Publicdomain.


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SupportingQuestion1

FeaturedSource SourceA:SueGronewold,articledescribingthecausesoftheOpiumWar,“TheOpiumWarandForeignEncroachment”(excerpt),AsiaforEducators,2009

TwothingshappenedintheeighteenthcenturythatmadeitdifficultforEnglandtobalanceitstradewiththeEast.First,theBritishbecameanationofteadrinkersandthedemandforChinesetearoseastronomically.ItisestimatedthattheaverageLondonworkerspentfivepercentofhisorhertotalhouseholdbudgetontea.Second,northernChinesemerchantsbegantoshipChinesecottonfromtheinteriortothesouthtocompetewiththeIndiancottonthatBritainhadusedtohelppayforitsteaconsumptionhabits.Topreventatradeimbalance,theBritishtriedtosellmoreoftheirownproductstoChina,buttherewasnotmuchdemandforheavywoolenfabricsinacountryaccustomedtoeithercottonpaddingorsilk.TheonlysolutionwastoincreasetheamountofIndiangoodstopayfortheseChineseluxuries,andincreasinglyintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiestheitemprovidedtoChinawasBengalopium.Withgreateropiumsupplieshadnaturallycomeanincreaseindemandandusagethroughoutthecountry,inspiteofrepeatedprohibitionsbytheChinesegovernmentandofficials.TheBritishdidalltheycouldtoincreasethetrade:Theybribedofficials,helpedtheChineseworkoutelaboratesmugglingschemestogettheopiumintoChina'sinterior,anddistributedfreesamplesofthedrugtoinnocentvictims.ThecosttoChinawasenormous.Thedrugweakenedalargepercentageofthepopulation(someestimatethat10percentofthepopulationregularlyusedopiumbythelatenineteenthcentury),andsilverbegantoflowoutofthecountrytopayfortheopium.ManyoftheeconomicproblemsChinafacedlaterwereeitherdirectlyorindirectlytracedtotheopiumtrade.Thegovernmentdebatedaboutwhethertolegalizethedrugthroughagovernmentmonopolylikethatonsalt,hopingtobarterChinesegoodsinreturnforopium.ButsincetheChinesewerefullyawareoftheharmsofaddiction,in1838theemperordecidedtosendoneofhismostableofficials,LinTse-hsu(LinZexu,1785-1850),toCanton(Guangzhou)todowhatevernecessarytoendthetrafficforever.Linwasabletoputhisfirsttwoproposalsintoeffecteasily.Addictswereroundedup,forciblytreated,andtakenoffthehabit,anddomesticdrugdealerswereharshlypunished.Histhirdobjective—toconfiscateforeignstoresandforceforeignmerchantstosignpledgesofgoodconduct,agreeingnevertotradeinopiumandtobepunishedbyChineselawifeverfoundinviolation—eventuallybroughtwar.OpinioninEnglandwasdivided:SomeBritishdidindeedfeelmorallyuneasyaboutthetrade,buttheywereoverruledbythosewhowantedtoincreaseEngland'sChinatradeandteachthearrogantChineseagoodlesson.Westernmilitaryweapons,includingpercussionlockmuskets,heavyartillery,andpaddlewheelgunboats,werefarsuperiortoChina's.Britain'stroopshadrecentlybeentoughenedintheNapoleonicwars,andBritaincouldmustergarrisons,warships,andprovisionsfromitsnearbycoloniesinSoutheastAsiaandIndia.TheresultwasadisasterfortheChinese.Bythesummerof1842Britishshipswerevictoriousandwereevenpreparingtoshelltheoldcapital,Nanking(Nanjing),incentralChina.TheemperorthereforehadnochoicebuttoaccepttheBritishdemandsandsignapeaceagreement.Thisagreement,thefirstofthe"unequaltreaties,"openedChinatotheWestandmarkedthebeginningofWesternexploitationofthenation.ReprintedcourtesyofAsiaforEducators,WeatherheadEastAsianInstitute,ColumbiaUniversity.http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1750_opium.htm#letter

http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1750_opium.htm#letter


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SupportingQuestion2

FeaturedSource SourceA:WalterLefeber,interviewtranscriptdescribingperceptionsofMissionariesinChina,“AmericanMissionariesinChina,”PublicBroadcastingSystem,2006

USofficialsthoughtthatAmericanmissionarieswereveryimportantforAmericaninterests,notjustformissionaryinterest,butoverallAmericaninterestinChina.Andthereasonwasthat,forexample,onceAmericanmissionarieswereabletogetintointeriorprovincesofChina,itopenedtheseprovincesuptoAmericanbusinesspeople,andconsequentlyAmericandiplomaticofficialsonthescenenicelycalltheAmericanmissionariesthepioneersforAmericantradeandbusiness,becauseoncetheyopenedupanarea,thentheotherAmericanscouldcomealongbehindandsellgoods.TheAmericanmissionariesdidsomethingelse.TheyessentiallyexemplifiedanAmericanlifestyle.TheyusedAmericanproducts.TheywerepeoplewhobelievedthatAmericanproductswerethebestproducts.Andsoalongwiththeirfaith,theybroughtinAmericanindustrialgoodsandfarmproducts.And,asaresulttheAmericanmissionariesbecamereallyfrontpeopleforAmericanexportersandAmericanbusinessmen.TheChinesedidnotmissthis.WhentheChineselookedatAmericanmissionaries,orotherforeignmissionaries,theyessentiallysawthemnotjustaspeoplewhowerecrusadingwithafaith,butwhoweretryingtosellgoodsandtoWesternizetheirparticularsociety.And,asaconsequenceitisnot,Ithink,surprisingthattheChineserevolutionaries,particularlytheBoxers,wouldtargetthemissionariesbecausetheysawinmissionariesnotonlyChristians,whichtheyhaddoubtsabout,butalsotheysawinthemissionariesthewholecuttingedgeforanAmericanlifestyleandanAmericanproductthattheybelievedwasessentiallyunderminingtheChinesevillage,theChinesetraditions,andChinesecontrolovertheirownterritory.Ontheonehand,astheAmericanministertoChinasays,"They'rethepioneersforAmericantradeandcommerce."Ontheother,theyarethemoralcuttingedgeof--oftheAmericanmissioninChina.TheyaretheAmerican--thesideofAmericandiplomacythatismoral,thatisuplifting,thatwantstoChristianizeChinaandmakeitabetternation.McKinleyisveryclosetothemissionaries.Heisgreatlyconcernedaboutthemissionaries.He'sadevoutChristianhimselfandhebelievesthatthemissionarieshavealegitimateroleinChinaanditgoesbeyondsimplyactingascommercialagents.ItisreallytopropagatethefaithinChinaandtomaketheChineseabetterpeoplebyconvertingthem.

FromAmericanExperience,America1900,©1996-2015WGBHEducationalFoundation.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/1900/filmmore/reference/interview/lafeber_americanmissionar.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/1900/filmmore/reference/interview/lafeber_americanmissionar.html


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SupportingQuestion2FeaturedSource SourceB:Hua-ChengKwei,lettertotheHolyUnionMissioninSweden,1900

NOTE:C&MAisanacronymforChristianandMissionaryAlliance;C.I.MisanacronymforChinaInlandMission.

DearPastorKilstet,

HowwonderfulistheLordinallHisdoings!WhoisabletounderstandHisways?DearMissionFriends,youhaveprobablyheardhowthestormsofpersecutionhavebrokenoutinChina,andhavealsoreacheduptoShansitoyourfieldoflaborandoursoftheC&MA,andtheC.I.M.havealsogottentheirshareofit.AfterMr.LundebergtoldhowthetenmissionariesoftheHolyUnionMissionwerekilled,andamongstthemMr.andMrs.Forsberg,ofourmission,andtheirchild—themissionarieswerestonedandthechildtorninpieces.TheriotbeganinKwei-Hua-Chengwherewewere,sowelefttheplaceandthoughttogotoUrza,andovertoRussia,butwhenweweretwodaysjourneyfromKweiThea,allofourthingswerestolenfromus,therobbersattackinguseighttimes.Theytooksomeofourclothingfromourbodiessowehadtosufferbothhungerandcold.FourCatholicmissionariesatthatplaceheardaboutusandsentmessengersafterustobringushere.Thelastmessengerfoundusandwehavebeenhereeightdays,butherealsothereisgreatdanger.TheBoxersarecomingtodestroytheplace.ManyCatholicsettlementswerespoiledandthousandsofChinesewerekilledandourstationweknowwasdestroyed.

Wedonotknowanythingabouttheothermissionaries,butwithushereoftheC&MAMr.andMrs.EmilOlsonandtheirthreechildren,Mr.andMrs.EdvinAndersson,andtheirtwochildren,MissEmilieErickson,andMrs.CarlLundbergandtheirchildren.Ifweshouldnotcomeoutwithourlivesthenpleasesendourlastmessagetoallmissionfriends.WeliveanddiefortheLordandChina.Thewaytothecoastisnotopen.WehavenotheardanythingfromPekingfornearlytwomonths,butthewaytotheLordisopen,thanksbetoHim.Letnotyourhandsfailanddonotloseyourcourage.Whatwesowshallbearfruitinitstime.WhenthestormisoversendoutotherwitnessestoChinatoproclaimthegreatactoftheLord.IdonotregretthatIcametoChina.IknowtheLordcalledmehere,andhisgraceisenoughforme.Thewayheleadethisthebest,Hiswillbedone.Weshallmeetathisrighthand.

TheChristianandMissionaryAlliance.Usedwithpermission.https://www.cmalliance.org/about/history/in-the-line-of-fire/boxer-rebellion

https://www.cmalliance.org/about/history/in-the-line-of-fire/boxer-rebellion

https://www.cmalliance.org/about/history/in-the-line-of-fire/boxer-rebellion


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SupportingQuestion3FeaturedSource SourceA:FeiCh'i-hao,accountoftheBoxerRebellion,“TheBoxerRebellion,1900.”

ThepeopleofShansiarenaturallytimidandgentle,notgiventomakingdisturbances,beingthemostpeaceablepeopleinChina.SoourShansiChristianswerehopefulforthemselves,evenwhenthereportsfromthecoastgrewmorealarming.Buttherewasonethingwhichcausedusdeepapprehension,andthatwasthefactthatthewicked,cruelYUHsien,thehaterofforeigners,wasthenewlyappointedGovernorofShansi.HehadpreviouslypromotedtheBoxermovementinShantung,andhadpersuadedtheEmpressDowagerthattheBoxershadsupernaturalpowersandweretruepatriots.

EarlyinJunemycollegefriendK'ungHsiangHsicamebackfromT'ungchouforhisvacation,reportingthatthestateofaffairsthereandatPekingwasgrowingworse,thatthelocalofficialswerepowerlessagainsttheBoxers,andthattheBoxers,armedwithswords,wereconstantlythreateningChristiansscatteredinthecountry.

FromthistimewehadnocommunicationwithTientsinorPeking.Alltravellersweresearched,andifdiscoveredbearingforeignletterstheywerekilled.Sothoughseveraltimesmessengerswerestartedouttocarryourletterstothecoast,theywereturnedbackbytheBoxersbeforetheyhadgonefar.ItwasnotlongbeforetheBoxers,likeapestilence,hadspreadalloverShansi.SchoolhadnotclosedyetinFenChouFu,butasthefeelingofalarmdeepened,fatherscametotaketheirboyshome,andschoolwasdismissedbeforetheendofJune….

ThewickedGovernor,YüHsien,scatteredproclamationsbroadcast.Thesestatedthattheforeignreligionsoverthrewmoralityandinflamedmentodoevil,sonowgodsandmenwerestirredupagainstthem,andHeaven'slegionshadbeensenttoexterminatetheforeigndevils.MoreoverthereweretheBoxers,faithfultotheirsovereign,loyaltotheircountry,determinedtouniteinwipingouttheforeignreligion.Healsoofferedarewardtoallwhokilledforeigners,eithertitlesorofficeormoney.WhenthehighestofficialintheprovincetooksuchastandinfavoroftheBoxers,whatcouldinferiorofficialsdo?Peopleandofficialsbowedtohiswill,andallwhoenlistedasBoxerswereinhighfavor.Itwasatimeoflicenseandanarchy,whennotonlyChristianswerekilled,buthundredsofothersagainstwhomindividualBoxershadagrudge.

Crowdsofpeoplekeptpassingourmissiongatetoseewhatmightbehappening,forthecitywasfullofrumors."Theforeignershaveallfled."

"Manyforeignersfromotherplaceshavegatheredhere."

"Agreatcannonhasbeenmountedatthemissiongate."

"Theforeignershavehiredmentopoisonwells,andtosmeargateswithblood."

IwasstayinginthecompoundwiththePrices,insidethewestgateofthecity,andMr.andMrs.Atwater,withtheirchildren,BerthaandCelia,livedneartheeastgate.Onthe28thofJunealldaylongamobofoneortwohundredroughs,withcrowdsofboys,stoodatthegateoftheAtwaterplace,shouting:

"Killtheforeigners,lootthehouses."

Publicdomain.Miner, Luella, Two Heroes of Cathay, (N.Y.: Fleming H. Revell, 1907), pp. 63-128. Text appears as part of the Internet

Modern History Sourcebook, Fordham University.http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1900Fei-boxers.asp

http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1900Fei-boxers.asp


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SupportingQuestion3

FeaturedSource SourceB:LuellaMiner,accountoftheBoxerRebellion,“MinerLuella,APrisonerinPeking”(excerpts),Outlook,1900

June15:Aboutteno'clockthemosthorriblenoisebeganinthesoutherncity,justontheoppositesideofthecitywall.ItwasahordeofBoxersgoingthroughtheirrites,burningincense,crying,"Killtheforeigndevils!Killthesecondaryforeigndevils!(Christians).Kill!Kill!Kill!"Theycalledotherthings,butIcouldonlydistinguishthe"kill!"Theremayhavebeenfromtwentytofiftythousandvoices,notallBoxers,swellingthatmadtumult.Aftertwoorthreehoursthenoisesuddenlyceased.TheBoxersintheirindiscriminatepillaginghadlootedaMohammedanbank.TheMohammedansgatheredabandofthreehundred,pursuedthem,andgotbacktheirmoney,afterwhichthemobdispersed.

Ourlinesofdefensehavebeenextendedtoincludeallthestreetsborderingonthismissionproperty-threeorfourstreetsandalleysbeingundermartiallaw-andallpassers-byarechallenged.ThesameconditionsprevailonLegationStreet-strayBoxersarecapturedandpassers-byarechallenged.ThemissionariesandChinesewhohaveweaponsallhelpinguardduty.Therearebarbed-wirebarricadesattheendofeachstreet….

Now,inthecompoundandadjoiningstreetswehavebarricadewithinbarricadeofbarbedwireorbrick,allthewallsandsomeofthesmallbuildingshavingbeentornuptogetbrick.Thisissaidtobethebestfortifiedplaceinthecitynow,thankstothefreelaborofournumerousrefugees,andifwehadaGatlingormachinegunwewouldfeelquitesafe….

June18:Wehavenowspenttenfulldaysinthisplace,andmaybeobligedtospendmanymore,forwecangetnowordfromourforeigntroopswholeftTientsinaweekagoyesterday….

Wearemoreeffectivelycutofffromtheworldthanever,fornocourierscannowbefoundtocarrymailtoTientsinfortheImperialpost-office...Wehavebeensurprisedthattheyhavesucceededinkeepinguptheservicesolong.Wehopethatintwoorthreedayscommunicationwillbeopenagain.WehearthatvastnumbersofBoxersattackedtherailroadstationinTientsinandwererepulsedwithgreatslaughter.Itisrumoredthatthereliefarmyisnowonlytenorfifteenmilesfromus,butwecannotbesure.

PlacardsarebeingdistributedeverywhereinthecitycommandingthatthisplaceandLegationStreetbedestroyedtoday….

OverseventyofusAmericanmissionarieslive,eat,andsleepinthelittlechurchattheBritishLegation,thoughafewoftheladiessleepinLadyMacdonald'sballroom,twoorthreeinthebilliard-room,andsomeofthemenoutdoors.Inthechurchweallsleeponthefloororonthechurchseats.Therearethirty-fiveinourCongregationalcrowd,abouttwentyMethodists,andsixteenPresbyterians.Weeatbydenominations,butthereisonlyonetinystovetocookover,sowecannotcookmuch.Ifwearebesiegedlong,weshallhavetogoonshortrations.Infact,wearenowleavingmostofthecannedmeatsforthemen,whoaredoinghardworkoutside,watchingandfortifying….

August14:Atlastourearshaveheardthesweetmusicforwhichwehavebeenlisteningfortwomonths-thecannonadingofthereliefarmy-soplainlythatweknowthatintensedesireandimaginationarenotdeceivingus,


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assomanytimesbefore.Ourdeliveranceisathand.Lastnightwasafearfulone.Therewereatleastsixdistinctattacks,thefirstbeginningabouteightintheevening,andtherewasalmostincessantfiringbetweentheseattacks.Ourimplacablefoesseemeddeterminedtousetotheutmostthislastchancetowipeusout.Ourgarrisonreturnedfiremorethanatanyothertime,fornowtheyarenotafraidofexhaustingtheirammunition….

Itwasalittleaftertwointheafternoon,asIwassittingwritingunderthetreesinthetennis-court,whereIhavespentsomanyhoursduringthesepastweeks,whenanAmericanmarinefromthecitywallranintotheyardshouting,"Thetroopsareinsidethecity-almosthere!"Therewasawildrushforthesouthendofthecompound,andthere,shelteredbythebarricades,westoodandsawthefirstofthereliefarmystragglingupthestreets.Andwhodoyouthinktheywere?Black-faced,high-turbanedtroops,RajpuntsfromIndia-great,fierce-lookingfellows,buttheirfaceswerebeamingwithjoy,andtheyhurrahedlouderthanwedid.TherewereBritishofficerswiththem,andoneofthemstoopedinpassingandkissedapale-facedgirliewholookedasifsheneededtoberescuedbyareliefarmy.Allthatafternoonthetroopscamestreamingin,Sihks,BengalLancers;Englishsoldiers,and,mostwelcomeofall,ourAmericanboys."

Publicdomain.MinerLuella,“APrisonerinPeking,1900.”http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/boxer.htm

http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/boxer.htm


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SupportingQuestion4

FeaturedSource SourceA:Economiststaff,ChineseaccountoftheBoxerRebellion,“RememberingtheBoxerUprising:RighteousFist”(excerpts),TheEconomist,2010

TheBoxerUprising,11yearsbeforethecollapseofChina'slastimperialdynasty,wasportrayedinWesternaccountsasasavageoutburstofprimitivexenophobiadirectedattheWestanditscivilisingreligion,Christianity.ThenorthernChinesepeasantswiththeirredheadscarves,whobelievedinamagicthatprotectedthemfromforeignbulletsandinthepowerofancientmartialartsthatcoulddefeattheindustrialworld'smostpowerfularmies,weredescribedwithamixtureoffearandracistscorn.ButinChinatheBoxersareofficiallyrememberedassomewhatmisguidedpatriots.InthecountrysidesouthofBeijingwheretheyburnedchurches,killedforeignmissionariesandslaughteredtensofthousandsof“secondaryhairyones”,asChineseconvertstoChristianitywereknown,somecallthemheroes.Themissionariestheyattackedhaditcoming,havingtrampledonChina'ssovereignty.Theirconvertswerenomorethanlocalruffianswhoexploitedforeignprotectiontorideroughshodovertheircountrymen….Eversincetheuprising,memoriesofithavetroubledtherelationshipbetweenChinaandtheWest.FortheWest,“Boxerism”becamesynonymouswitharabid,anti-foreigndemonthatwasthoughttolurkinChina,readytowreakbloodyhavocifgivenachance.AsTheEconomistadviseditsreadersin1905:“ThehistoryoftheBoxermovementcontainsabundantwarningsastothenecessityofanattitudeofconstantvigilanceonthepartoftheEuropeanPowerswhenthereareanysymptomsthatawaveofnationalismisabouttosweepovertheCelestialEmpire.”©TheEconomistNewspaperLimited,LondonDecember16,2010.http://www.economist.com/node/17723014

http://www.economist.com/node/17723014


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SupportingQuestion4FeaturedSource SourceB:WarrenI.Cohen,descriptionofthecomplexnatureoftheBoxer’sRebellion,“TheOpenDoor

PolicyandtheBoxerWar:TheUSandChina,”GilderLehrman,nodate

ThemonthsthatfollowedHay’snoteswerenotmarkedbyreformsleadingtothemodernizationofChina’sgovernmentorsociety.AtthetimeoftheAmericaninitiativein1899,opponentsofreform,ledbyCixi,theempressdowager,wereincontrolinBeijing.SheandhersupporterswerechannelingunrestinNorthChinaintoanantiforeignmovementledbymenknownastheBoxers—alooseamalgamofmartialartsandinvulnerabilityritualsocieties.ThedestructionofmissionarypropertiesandmurderofChineseChristiansintensifiedandcouldnotbeignored.

TheUnitedStatesjoinedseveralEuropeannationsindemandingthattheChinesegovernmentputanendtotheoutrages,buttonoavail.TothemagicpowersallegedlypossessedbytheBoxers,Cixiaddedthemodernweaponsoftheimperialarmy.ShecalledtheBoxerstoBeijingandorderedthemassacreofallforeigners,includingthediplomaticcommunity.Thelegationquarterbecameanembattledfortress,subjecttoincessantattack,cutofffromoutsidecontacts.

ThewarwithSpainhadbroughtAmericantroopstothePhilippinesandsuppressionofaFilipinoinsurrectionhadrequiredtheircontinuedpresenceinEastAsia.WiththelivesofAmericandiplomats,businessmen,andmissionariesendangeredinChina,theMcKinleyadministrationhadboththeresourcesandthewilltoprotectitspeopleandtheirinterestsagainsttheChinese.SeveralthousandAmericanswereamongthetroopsthatultimatelydefeatedtheBoxersandliftedthesiegeofthelegation.LongbeforetheyreachedBeijing,however,HayhadsentoffasecondroundofOpenDoornotes.

AstheBoxerWarbegan,HayfearedthecollapseanddismembermentofChina.ItseemedlikelythatthepowersgenerallyandtheRussiansinparticularwouldfindChineseprovocationssufficienttojustifyfurtherencroachmentsonChinesesovereignty.OncetheforeignarmiesfoughttheirwaytoBeijing,theywouldnotberemovedeasily—anditmightproveverydifficulttoprotectAmericaninterests.

InJuly1900,HaysentoffacircularmessageexpressingconcernforthepreservationofChinesesovereignty,the“territorialandadministrativeentity”ofChina.HopingtocontainthewartoNorthChina,Haydefinedthesituationasastateofvirtualanarchyinwhichpowerandresponsibilityrestedwithlocalauthorities.TheMcKinleyadministrationworkedwithhigh-rankingChineseofficialswhocontrolledsouthernandcentralprovinces,suppressedtheBoxersandprotectedforeignersandtheirproperty.TogethertheyestablishedthemyththattheBoxerswereactingspontaneously,rebellingagainsttheChinesegovernmentaswellasattackingforeigners.ThusthewarcouldbelimitedinareaandintensityandthepossiblepartitionofChinaforestalled.

TheGilderLehrmanInstituteofAmericanHistory.http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/empire-building/essays/open-door-policy-and-boxer-war-us-and-china

http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/empire-building/essays/open-door-policy-and-boxer-war-us-and-china

http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/empire-building/essays/open-door-policy-and-boxer-war-us-and-china


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SupportingQuestion4

FeaturedSource SourceC:WalterLefeber,interviewtranscriptdescribingtheBoxerRebellion,“TheBoxerRebellion,”PublicBroadcastingSystem(excerpts),2006

Toaccessthissource,pleaseclickonthefollowinglink:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/1900/filmmore/reference/interview/lafeber_boxerrebellion.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/1900/filmmore/reference/interview/lafeber_boxerrebellion.html

Download - Do the Boxers Deserve a Bad Rap? - C3 Teachers · associated Christian missionary activity. Western powers, including the United States, intervened and defeated Chinese forces. This

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