DON’T FORGET- For all videos:•Take Notes•Complete Question sheet•Show teacher notes; turn in question sheet
1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science
Chemistry—the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes.
• What is a substance made of?• What is its internal arrangement?• How does it behave if heated, cooled, or
mixed with other substances?• Why?
1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science
Instruments are routinely used to extend our ability to Observe and make Measurements.
• scanning electron microscope—shoots beam of electrons at materials; scattering shows internal structure
1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science
Instruments are routinely used to extend our ability to Observe and make Measurements.
• X-ray diffraction—how these rays bend as they are shot through a substance shows internal structure
1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science
Branches of Chemistry:
• Organic chemistry: study of most carbon containing compounds– Ex. Petroleum industry
• Inorganic chemistry: study of all substances not classified as organic (not containing carbon)– Ex. New metallic alloys
1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical ScienceBranches of Chemistry:• Physical chemistry: study of the
properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy – Ex. Fuel cell technology
• Analytical chemistry: identification of components and composition of materials– Ex. Crime labs
1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science
Branches of Chemistry:
• Biochemistry: study of substances and the processes occurring in living things– Ex. Pharmaceutical companies
1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science
Branches of Chemistry:
• Theoretical chemistry: use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds– Ex. University researchers
1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science
Chemical—any substance that has a definite composition (chemical formula).
• Elements (sodium, oxygen, nitrogen)
• Compounds (water, sugar, salt)
1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical ScienceTypes of Research and Development:• basic research—carried out for the
sake of increasing knowledge (what, how, and why)– Ex. Creating new elements
• applied research—carried out to solve a specific problem– Ex. Creating lighter, stronger materials
for automobile bodies
1-1) Chemistry Is a Physical Science
Types of Research and Development:
• technological development—involves the production and use of products that improve our quality of life.– Manufacturing and producing efficient
hydrogen fuel cells for cars
1-2) Matter and Its Properties
Matter—anything that has mass and volume
• mass— a measure of the amount of matter (a measure of the resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion)
• volume—the amount of three-dimensional space an object occupies.
1-2) Matter and Its Properties
Basic Building Blocks of Matter:
Atom—smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element
• Element—a pure substance made of only one kind of atom
• Ex. Helium, lithium
1-2) Matter and Its PropertiesBasic Building Blocks of Matter:Compound—substance made from the
atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded.
• Molecule—smallest unit of certain elements and compounds that retains all of the properties of that element or compound.
• Ex. H2O, C12H22O11 (sucrose)
1-2) Matter and Its PropertiesProperties and Changes in Matter:• Extensive properties—depend on
the amount of matter that is present.– Ex. volume, mass, energy in a
substance
• Intensive properties—do NOT depend on the amount of matter present.– Ex. boiling point, melting point, density
1-2) Matter and Its Properties
Properties and Changes in Matter:
• Physical properties—characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity (chemical composition) of a substance.
• Ex. Mass, length, color, density
1-2) Matter and Its Properties
Properties and Changes in Matter:
• Physical change—change in a substance that does NOT involve a change in the identity of the substance.
• Ex. any phase change (melting, boiling, etc.)
1-2) Matter and Its Properties
Properties and Changes in Matter:
Phase Shape Volume Compressibility
Solid definite definite None
Liquid container definite None
Gas container container High
Plasma container container Slight
1-2) Matter and Its Properties
Properties and Changes in Matter:
• Chemical Property—relates to a substance’s ability (or inability) to undergo changes that transform it into different substances.
• Ex. Oxygen reacts (combusts) with hydrogen but not helium
1-2) Matter and Its Properties
Properties and Changes in Matter:
• Chemical Change (chemical reaction)—one or more substances are converted into different substances (different chemical composition)
• Ex. Iron rusting
1-2) Matter and Its Properties
Properties and Changes in Matter:• Chemical Change (chemical reaction)—
one or more substances are converted into different substances (different chemical composition)
• reactants—substances that react in a chemical change
• products—substances that are formed by the chemical change
1-2) Matter and Its Properties
Properties and Changes in Matter:
reactants products
• “reactants yield products”
1-2) Matter and Its Properties
Energy and Changes:
• All changes (chemical and physical) involve energy
• Can be in many different forms (light, heat, mechanical)
• Can be absorbed or released by the system undergoing the change
1-2) Matter and Its Properties
Energy and Changes:
• Energy is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical or physical process (assumes different form)
Law of Conservation of Energy
1-2) Matter and Its Properties
Energy and Changes:
• In the sun, matter is destroyed and energy is created through fusion? Why doesn’t this violate the Law of Conservation of Energy?
• Fusion is NOT a chemical or physical process (nuclear process).
1A– Alkali Metals
2A– Alkaline Earth Metals
3A– Boron Family
4A– Carbon Family
5A– Nitrogen Family
6A– Oxygen Family
7A– Halogens
Metals• Shiny luster
•Good conductor of heat & electricity
• Malleable (hammered into sheets)
• Ductile (pulled into wires)
Nonmetals• Low melting points
• Dull luster
• Poor conductor of heat & electricity
• Brittle
• Ex. phosphorus
Metalloids• characteristics of metals & nonmetals
• solids
• semiconductors of electricity
• less malleable than metals (more than nonmetals)
Noble Gases
• generally unreactive
• all are gases at room temp.
• helium (He) and neon (Ne) cannot form compounds
Classification of Matter
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
M ixture
Compounds E lements
Pure Substance
Matte rMore than 1 type of basic particle?
Uniform composition? Broken down further?
Y N
Y N Y N
Mixture
• blend of 2 or more substances, each of which retains its own identity and properties
• physical combination
• compositions can vary
Homogeneous Mixture
• uniform in composition (same proportion of components throughout)
• also called solutions
Pure Substance
• fixed composition (only 1 type of particle)
• every sample has exactly same composition (% of elements)