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Networking
Define what a network means
List the basic components of a data communication system
Explain the different types of network configurations or topologies
CHAPTER 7
Objectives:
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Communications
Process in which two or more computers transfers data, instructions, and information
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Communication
What is needed for successful communications?
Sending device — initiates
instruction to transmit data,
instructions, or information
Receiving device — accepts
transmission of data, instructions, or
information
Communications channel — media
on which data, instructions, or
information travel
Communication Device Communication Device
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Communication
Communication Device
Sending Device Receiving Device
Communication channels
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Networks
Network is a collection of computers and devices connected by communication channels
To facilitate communications, share hardware, data and information, software, etc
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TYPES OF NETWORKS:
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
Networks
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Type of Networks
1. Local Area Network (LAN) Privately owned communication network Home, school computer laboratory or office
building
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2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Network that covers geographical area
Connects LANs in city or state
Type of Networks
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3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Network that covers large geographical area - country.
Consists of 2 or more LANs/MANs
Internet is world’s largest WAN
communications satellite
Type of Networks
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How data travel ?
Analog Signal is a continuous electrical signal in the form of a wave and it is called as a carrier wave. Frequency – how many times it completes a
cycle in a second Amplitude – the height of a wave within
a given period of time
Volts Analog Signal5
0
-5
(sec)
2 complete cycles in 1 sec.
Frequency = 1Hz, Amplitude = 10v
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Digital signal consists of individual electrical pulses that represent bits grouped together into bytes.
On/off - present/absentOn/off - present/absent electrical pulses in electrical pulses in discontinuous wavediscontinuous wave
Represents 0s/1s. ( two state binary language)Represents 0s/1s. ( two state binary language)
How data travel ?
0
5
(sec) 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
Volts Digital Signal
2 states On - 5v - 1 and OFF - 0v – 0
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Communication Devices
Function of a communications devices Capable to transmit data, instruction and information
between sending and receiving devices.
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Example of communications devices
Common types are dial-up modems, ISDN and DSL modems, cable modems, wireless modems, network cards, wireless access
points, routers, and hubs
Communication Devices
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Communication Devices
Modem (Modulate/demodulate)
Transmission speed speed at which modem transmit data measurement - bits per second (bps) or kilobits
per second (kbps)
Computers use digital signal and some communication channel uses analog signals.
Convert digital signal to an analog signal and vice versa
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Communication Devices
MODULATION DEMODULATION
MODEM
To convert a digital signal into an analog signal
To convert an analog signal into
a digital signal
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Type of Modem External Modem Internal Modem PC Card Modem Wireless Modem
Communication Devices
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Communication Devices
Network cards Adapter card, PC Card or flash card that enables a computer or device to access network.
called network interface card (NIC)
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Communication DevicesWireless Access Point
Allows computers and devices to transfer data wirelessly among themselves or wirelessly to a wired network.
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Communication Devices
Router
connects multiple computers and transmits packet of data to its correct destination.
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Communication Channels
Bandwidth amount of data that
can travel over a communications
channel
Transmission media on which data, instructions or information travel in a communication system
Type of transmission media
Physical
Wireless
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Communication Channels
Wire, cable and other tangible materials used to send communications signals
Physical transmission media
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Communication Channels
Twisted - Pair cable the wires are twisted together to reduce “noise” -
electrical disturbance suitable for short distances used for telephone systems and network cabling
Physical transmission media
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Coaxial cable produce high quality transmission often used for cable television wiring advantages:
less affected by electrical interference “noise”
Communication Channels
Physical transmission media
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Fiber optics cable Consist thin strand of glass send data
through light beams Advantages:
carry more data signals faster data transmission less affected by “noise” smaller size
Disadvantages: more expensive difficult to install and modify
Communication Channels
Physical transmission media
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Communication Channels
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Used when inconvenient, impractical, or impossible to install cables
Wireless transmission media
Communication Channels
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Infrared Sends signal using infrared
light waves. Suitable for short distances Mobile devices such as
handphone, notebook and PDA.
Wireless transmission media
Communication Channels
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Broadcast Radio distributes radio signal
through the air over some distance.
It need transmitter (send signal) and receiver
E.g: Bluetooth, HomeRF, Wi-Fi technology
Wireless transmission media
Communication Channels
Cellular Radio Form of broadcast
radio – mobile communication
Transmit voice and digital data messages
Categories of cellular transmission : 1G, 2G, 3G
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Microwave transmission used radio waves
that provide a high-speed signal transmission
Line-of-sight transmission
Wireless transmission media
Communication Channels
Microwave station
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Satellite transmission Space stations send and
receive signals from earth-based stations .
Geosynchronous orbit - the place that allows the satellite to remain positioned over the same spot on earth
Wireless transmission media
Communication Channels
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Dial up lines Temporary connection using telephone line
for communications (need to reestablish the connection )
Modem has to convert digital data into analog signal before it can travel through the telephone network.
Communication Over the Telephone Line
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ISDN lines Digital transmission of data over standard
copper telephone line Needs ISDN modem Advantages:
data transmission speed is faster than dial-up modem
the ISDN circuit has two phone lines to connect to the Internet to talk on the phone
Communication Over the Telephone Line
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T-Carrier Lines Digital telephone line that carry multiple
signals over a signal communication channel.
Provides very fast data transfer rates. Used by large companies - expensive T1 - Most popular T-carrier line
Communication Over the Telephone Line
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ADSL Digital telephone line for small business and
home user. Can transmit at fast speed An example of this service is the streamyx
connection provide by TM bhd. user who subscribed to this line need to
have an ADSL modem.
Communication Over the Telephone Line
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LAN
Network Topologies Configuration, or physical arrangement, of devices in a
communications network Networks usually use combinations of three topologies
bus ring star
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Bus network All computers and devices connect to central
cable or bus Inexpensive and easy to install
LAN - Network Topologies
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Ring network Cable forms closed
ring, or loop, with all computers and devices arranged along ring
Data travels from device to device around entire ring,in one direction
LAN - Network Topologies
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Star network
All devices connect to a central computer, called the hub
All data transferred from one computer to another passes through hub
HUB
printer
LAN - Network Topologies
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LAN - Network Communication Standard Specific combinations of hardware and software
that allow different devices on several types of networks to communicate or connected
Ethernet Token Ring
TCP/IP Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
IrDa
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Ethernet
LAN technology that allows personal computers to contend for access to network
Based on bus/ star technology
personal computer
personal computer
personal computer
personal computer
personal computer
LAN - Network Communication Standard
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Token Ring
Technology controls access to network by requiring devices to pass a special signal,
called token
Only device with token can transmit data over
network at a time
LAN - Network Communication Standard
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TCP/IP
Define how data should travel through the Internet data is sent to the right destination.
Transmits data by breaking it up into small pieces packets
Packets Data divided into small
pieces
TCP Breaks the message into
data packets and reassembles them once reach their destination.
IP Assign each packet a unique
address.
LAN - Network Communication Standard
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Wi-Fi
Define how data should travel through the wireless network
Hot spots
provide users to connect to the internet wirelessly with their
wireless mobile devices
LAN - Network Communication Standard
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Bluetootho Define how two
Bluetooth devices use short range radio waves to transmit data
o Bluetooth devices contains small chip to allow it to communicate.
LAN - Network Communication Standard
IrDao Define how data is
transmitted via infrared light waves
o Line-of-sight transmission
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Connection and cabling system Use either wire / wireless transmission.
Computer with NIC Networking OS Bridge
a combination of hardware and software that recognizes the messages on a network and passes on to the receiving nodes in another network.
To connect similar network..
LAN - Component
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Router Gateway
Allows a node to communicate with another node on a dissimilar network (eg : Star to Ethernet)
LAN - Component
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The design of computers, devices and media in a network. LAN network categories:
Client/Server Peer-to-Peer Internet peer-to-peer
LAN - ARCHITECTURE
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Client/server Server – 1 or more computer that controls the network Client – other computers that can request services from
the server
client client client
serverlaser printer
LAN - ARCHITECTURE
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Peer-to-peer Small network that
shares hardware, data or information located on any computer in the network
Each computer is called peer
printer may be used by all computers on
network
printer may be used by all computers on
network
network operating system and
application software installed on each
computer
network operating system and
application software installed on each
computer
LAN - ARCHITECTURE
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Characteristics of peer-2-peer.
Each computer on the network communicate directly with one another without relying on server.
Each computer has same status, responsibilities, and capabilities.
Simple, inexpensive, suitable for very small businesses and home users.
Disadvantages – lack of speed
LAN - ARCHITECTURE
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Internet peer-to-peer (P2P)
Enables users to exchange file directly from the hard disk over the Internet
Criteria :1. use compatible
software 2. connected to the
Internet
LAN - ARCHITECTURE
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INTERNET Internet is worldwide collection of networks that
links millions of computers together allows all of the computers to communicate with
one another
E-mail Information Shopping Meeting people Entertainment
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INTERNET
ISP
home user
THE INTERNET
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INTERNET PROTOCOLInternet Protocol (IP) – language that computers use to communicate
over the Internet
http://www.mmu.edu.my/~fosee/staff/jun.html
Protocol Domain Name
Path File Name
IP Address- Unique identifying number- E.g. 10.0.48.50, 209.11.168.133, 74.125.19.99,
209.131.36.158