Download - Dr. Chen\'s slides
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Archaeological Imaging Through Oil Exploration Technologies
Zhangxing John Chen NSERC/AERI/Foundation CMG Chair
AITF Chair Director, Schlumberger iCentre Simulation
& Visualization, University of Calgary
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Outline
• Brief History of China • Three Influential Dynasties • Traditional Archaeological Exploration Methods • Proposed New Exploration Methods • Feedback
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Brief History of China
• Prehistoric China: 7,600 – 2,570 BC
• Ancient China: 2,852 BC (Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors ) – 246 BC (Eastern Zhou Dynasty)
• Imperial China: 361 BC (Qin Dynasty) – 1911 (Qing Dynasty)
• Modern China: 1912 – present
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Brief History of China (cont’d)
• China had 231 emperors and one ruling empress.
• 79 of whom were buried in tombs near Xi’an in Northwest China's Shaanxi Province.
• The most famous, influential, and mysterious tombs are the Qin Shi Huang (Qin Dynasty), Han Wen Di (Han Dynasty), and Wu Ze Tian (Tang Dynasty).
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Brief History of China (cont’d) Xi’an: It was called Chang’an (long peace).
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Brief History of China (cont’d)
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Three Influential Dynasties
• Qin dynasty: 221 – 206 BC
• First emperor: Qin Shi Huang (259 – 210 BC)
• Reforms: Unified laws, currency, words, national road system, measurement units, etc.
• Gigantic projects: Great Wall, Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, (7th and 8th World Wonders) etc.
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Mausoleum of First Emperor
• Construction of this mausoleum began in 246 BC and involved 700,000 workers.
• The entire mausoleum is 56.25 km2.
• It was discovered in the spring of 1974.
• The life-sized figures vary in height 1.83–1.95 meters (6.0–6.4 ft), including generals, warriors, chariots, horses, officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians.
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Mausoleum of First Emperor (cont’d)
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Tomb of First Emperor
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Three Influential Dynasties (cont’d)
• Han dynasty: 206 BC–220 AD
• Fundamental changes during this time helped to foster what we now call the Chinese culture.
• For the first time in history, China had contact with the West through the Silk Road.
• First emperor: Liu Bang (Han Gaozu) , total 24 emperors.
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Tomb of Fourth King of Han Dynasty
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Three Influential Dynasties (cont’d)
• Tang dynasty: 618–907 AD
• It was the most powerful and prosperous country in the world (economy, politics, culture, and military) during that time.
• Only ruling empress in Chinese history: Wu Ze Tian, 624–705 AD.
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Tomb of Wu Ze Tian
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Traditional Archaeological Exploration Methods
• Remote sensing
• Geophysical exploration
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Remote Sensing
• Traditional remote sensing:
- Airborne scanning
- Satellite images
- Thermal imagery
- Airborne radar images
• Hyperspectral remote sensing
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Geophysical Exploration • Potential methods:
- Gravity method
- Magnetic method
- Electrical method
• Diffusive methods
- Electromagnetic method
• Wavefield methods
- Georadar - GPR
- Elastic wave method (seismic)
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Traditional Archaeological Exploration Methods (cont’d)
• Advantages:
- Easy and effective for objects near surface
• Disadvantages:
- Low resolution
- Only used near surface
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Proposed New Exploration Methods
• Development of a comprehensive, scientific, and unintrusive technology to examine the cultural relics and archaeological information in historical sites worldwide without excavation.
Goal:
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Proposed New Exploration Methods (cont’d)
• It must allow the protection of the artifacts and therefore, not allowing any air (oxygen) penetration.
• It must be an able to explore a chamber (for instance) with such clarity that a concise three-dimensional image can be modeled above the surface.
Requirements of the technology:
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Proposed New Exploration Methods (cont’d)
• Petroleum exploration methods: High resolution seismic method
• Petroleum production methods: Micro dry drilling
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
High Resolution Seismic Method
• Sound source: Vibroseis trucks
• Receivers: geophones
• Recording: Seismograph and computer
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Seismic Source
Geophone
RESERVOIR SIMULATION
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Seismic Source
Geophone
RESERVOIR SIMULATION
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Proposed New Exploration Methods (cont’d)
• Resolution: F=140 Hz
• Velocity: V=800 m/s
• Min thickness: H= 1m
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Micro Dry Drilling Method
• Directional drilling
• Dry drilling
• Drill bit with diameter <1 inch
• Rotary motion < 375rpm
• Air-tight conditions
• With micro-sensors and video cameras
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Proposed New Exploration Methods (cont’d)
• Large scale: High resolution seismic method
• Local scale: High accurate micro-drilling with sensors and cameras.
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Research Collaboration
• Alberta (University of Calgary, University of Alberta and Government of Alberta)
• Xi’an (Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Institute of Archaeology and Shaanxi Province)
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Feedback
• Exclusive agreement with Xi’an government signed
• Still seeking funds to support this project.
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RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Feedback