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Dr. Diana D. Glawe
Engineering Science Department Trinity University, San Antonio, TX
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Condensate Water that collects on a cool surface because the temperature of the surface is below the point at which moisture in the air forms liquid droplets (i.e. dew point)
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Air Handling Unit (AHU)
(Source: San Antonio Condensate Collection and Use Manual for Commercial Buildings 2013)
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(Source: EPA WaterSense at Work. EPA 832-F-12-034)
Water Quality
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Quality Research: Water Sampling Kit Bottles Used in
Collection
Metals & Minerals
Microbes
EC, TDS, pH
Test for Elements With Spectrometry
Aeromonas
E. Coli Total Coliforms
Legionella
Amoebas
Enterococcus
Test for pH and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
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Reasons to Collect Condensate Economic benefit for building owner Bypass drought restrictions (in some jurisdictions) Reduce burden on central water utility systems Water savings, energy savings, CO2 savings
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Is it worth collecting in Arizona? Condensate quality is good Quantity depends on climate and facility Cost depends on application and facility Economic payback depends on projected water prices Other benefits may be considered in decision
Let’s go through the steps of making a decision
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Key Factor is How Much Condensate?
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How Much Condensate? (Rule of Thumb) San Antonio Example: 154,440 sq ft (727 ton) applied engineering and technology building measured condensate (747,290 gallons/yr) with predictions
(Source: San Antonio Condensate Collection and Use Manual for Commercial Buildings. 2013)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Gal
lons
con
dens
ate
Measured Gallons
8 gpd per ton
0.3 gph per ton
0.1 gph per ton
0.6 gph per 1000 sq ft
0.5 gph per 1000 sq ft
10 gpd per 1000 sq ft
3 gpd per 1000 sq ftAWE
Bryant &
Ahmed
SAWS
Hot and Humid Climate
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Thermodynamic Model Warm & Moist Air Cool & Dryer Air
Condensate
AHU Outside T, RH Supply T, RH
Thermodynamic equations of state Conservation of mass for both water and air Calculate condensate gallons per cubic foot of air passing
through AHU per minute (g/cfm)
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San Antonio vs. Tucson Potential
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Gal
lons
Per
CFM
Airf
low
San Antonio
Tucson
San Antonio condensate potential 7 times more than Tucson for 100% outside air
(Data Source for Calculations: DOE/NREL Typical Meteorological Year (TMY3) database)
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Cond
ensa
te P
oten
tial
Acro
ss th
e U
SA
(Source: Lawrence, Thomas, Jason Perry, and Tyler Alsen. “AHU Condensate Collection Economics.” ASHRAE Journal, May 2012)
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Simple Economic Analysis
(Source: Lawrence, Thomas, Jason Perry, and Tyler Alsen. “AHU Condensate Collection Economics.” ASHRAE Journal, May 2012)
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Estimating System Cost Expect only inexpensive systems to be viable in Tucson
Cooling tower make-up water Adding to existing (rain) water storage tank
Condensate only produced Jun-Sep in Tucson Condensate as supplemental water makes most sense
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Best Application of Condensate Cooling tower make-up water is BEST application
Low initial cost Easy implementation Cool and pure water a plus Low maintenance
San Antonio Example: Building producing 224,511 gallons per year. Cost to install retrofit system for cooling tower makeup water was $2,272 materials (pipes and pumps) plus $750 labor. SAWS rebate 50%. Incremental investment $1,511. Payback period 16 months. No water treatment beyond that already existing for cooling tower water. No overflow and no storage requirements. Maintain air seal and pump (if applicable). (Arizona longer payback period ~ 5 yrs)
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Or Add to Other Alternative Water
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Inch
es
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
gallo
ns p
er c
fm a
irlow
Tucson Rain
Tucson Condensate
(Data Source for Calculations: DOE/NREL Typical Meteorological Year (TMY3) database)
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Reasonable Applications Elsewhere Cooling tower Irrigation Fountains, water features (bypass drought restrictions) Car washing (low TDS) Toilet flushing Process water Others
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Condensate Success
Initial investment/payback period Achieve an effective design and installation Operate and maintain
✓
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Effective Design – Drain Line Air Seal
(Source: San Antonio Condensate Collection and Use Manual for Commercial Buildings. Pending publication)
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Air Seals : Standard P-trap Isolates air handling unit Minimizes pipe wet time Maintenance access point Dry trap is most likely cause
of failure in dry climates
(Source: Brusha, Ronald F. “Condensate Traps for Cooling Coils.” HPAC Engineering, Oct 2001)
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Effective Design – Drain Line Air Seal Functioning air seal supports proper condensate drainage Consequence of improper condensate drainage
Overflow of drain pan Overspray into fan and ductwork Ingestion of toxic fumes through drain line (draw through) Energy loss with exit of conditioned air through drain line (blow
through) Stagnant water in drain pan
Air Quality Connection Legionella bacterium Sick building syndrome
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Alternatives to Standard P-trap
P-trap with additions
Condensate pump in drain pan
Pneumatic air seal P-trap
(Source: San Antonio Condensate Collection and Use Manual for Commercial Buildings. 2013)
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Effective Design – Treatment Train
(Source: Adapted from Mechell et. al, Rainwater Harvesting: System Planning. 2010)
Depends on reclaimed water source(s) Depends on application : “fit for purpose”
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Effective Design – Automated Monitoring Drip pan overflow alarm Condensate meter data collection Water quality sensors in treatment train Make it difficult for system failures to go unnoticed
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Meter Configuration: Pump-Driven Flow
(Source: San Antonio Condensate Collection and Use Manual for Commercial Buildings 2013)
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Meter Configurations: Gravity-Driven Flow
(Source: San Antonio Condensate Collection and Use Manual for Commercial Buildings 2013)
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Positive Displacement Meter
(Source: www.elstermetering.com)
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Operation and Maintenance -Scheduled Maintenance Program Start with commissioning during installation! AHU: air filter, cooling coils, drain pan Drain seal Piping, pumps, and valves Storage Tank: overflow and makeup water control Backflow valve inspection Water treatment filters, lamps, etc. Water quality tests
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San Antonio Condensate User Manual In collaboration with San
Antonio Water System (SAWS)
Design through maintenance
Public access on SAWS website www.SAWS.org
Resources in appendices 110 pages
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Codes and Standards Condensate is governed by local jurisdictions, not Federal Code and Standards Resources/References
International Green Construction Code Green Plumbing and Mechanical Code Supplement NSF/ANSI Standards 350 & 350.1 ASHRAE 189.1
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Questions Dr. Diana D. Glawe Associate Professor Engineering Science Department Trinity University San Antonio, TX 78212
[email protected] 210-999-7515