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DramaticColorintheLandscapePaintingLandandLightinOilandPastel
BrianKeeler
Cincinnati,Ohioartistsnetwork.com
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ThankyouforpurchasingthisArtistNetworkeBook.
Signupforournewsletterandreceivespecialoffers,accesstofreecontent,andinformationonthelatestnewreleasesandmust-haveartresources!Plus,receive
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Contents
SpecialOffers
SuppliesYouNeed
Introduction
MaterialsfortheLandscapeArtist
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gettingbetteracquaintedwithcolor
ColorTermstoKnow
BasicColorSchemes
TypesofColorHarmony
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makingcolordramatic
ConsideringColorTemperature
EmbracingHigh-ChromaColor
ChromaticExpression
FracturedColor
Glazing
IntuitiveColor
ArrangingandPushingValues
Farmland:WorkinginHigh-ChromaColor
GorgeWaterfall:DevelopingaWarmColorScheme
VineyardSunset:GlazingforLuminosity
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expressingthroughcomposition&format
ExploringFormatPossibilities
CompositionStrategiesforCreatingDynamicMovement
EnsuringDynamicPointsofInterest
RockyLandscape:ComposinginaSquareFormat
NeighborhoodStreet:TakingaWiderView
CoastalTownscape:GuidingtheViewer’sEye
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paintingskies,clouds&light
WhatWillYourSkySay?
ConveyingtheClouds
SeeingandStatingtheLight
BacklightingforDrama
WaterReflectingtheSkyandLand
NightSkies
MoonlitStreet:MaximizingaCoolPalette
BeachSky:TryingaSceneinTwoDifferentMediums
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conveyingperspective
PerspectiveTermstoKnow
LinearPerspective
DecidingtheEyeLevel
AnalyzingAngles&TheirRelationships
AerialPerspective
GainingNewInspirationFromaFamiliarLocation
SeasideSky:KeepingCloudsinPerspective
Cityscape:PerfectingStreetScenePerspective
Dedication
AboutAuthor
Acknowledgments
Copyright
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SuppliesYouNeedThesuppliesyouneedtopursuelandscapepaintingwilldependonyourmedium(s)ofchoice,andlargelyonyourpersonalpreferencesforpaintingoutdoorsandinthestudio.Followingisacomprehensivelistofthematerialstheauthorrecommends.Experimentwithvariousproductsandequipmenttodiscoveryourown
preferences.Thespecificpaintcolorsandpaintingsurfacesusedtocompletethestudiopaintingsinthedemonstrationsinthisbookarelistedatthebeginningofeachproject.
TheauthorpaintingfromtherocksattheharborinStonington,Maine,onebeautifulmorninginAugust.Thefinishedpleinairstudyappearsagaininthe
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ConveyingtheCloudssection.ToseeavideoclipofBrianpaintingthisscene,visitbriankeeler.com.
Pastels|36–96sticksofcolorOilPaints|Theauthor’spaletteincludes:AlizarinCrimson•Black•BurntSienna•BurntUmber•CadmiumOrange•CadmiumYellow(Light,Medium,DeepandLemon)•CadmiumRedLight(orCadmiumScarlet)•CeruleanBlue•ChromiumOxideGreen•CobaltBlue•HansaYellow•NaplesYellow•PermanentRose•PhthaloBlue•PhthaloGreen•PrussianBlue•RawSienna•RawUmber•UltramarineBlue•VenetianRed(orIndianRed)•White•YellowGreen(Utrechthue)•YellowOchreAcrylicPaints|Fortoningthecanvas,including:NeutralGray(Utrechthue)•BurntSienna•RawSiennaSurface|Forpastels:CansonMi-Teintespastelpaper•140-lb.(300gsm)cold-presswatercolorpaper•ArtSpectrumpastelpaperOptionsforpleinairoils:CansonCanva-Paper,16"×20"(41cm×51cm)or20"×24"(51cm×61cm)•Heavyweightbarrierpaperor150-lb.(244gsm)watercolorpapercoatedwithacrylicgesso•MultimediaArtboard•LinenorcanvaspanelsForstudiooils:Stretchedlinen(fine-weaveandmedium-weave)•LinenorcanvaspanelsBrushes|Varietyofbristle,synthetic-sableandsyntheticbrushes,includingSablette(byUtrecht)andSilverwhite(bySilverBrush)lines:Nos.2(Sablette),4,6and8round•Nos.1,2,4,8and10filbertOthersupplies|Palette•Palettecarrierandcover•Portableandstudioeasels•Paletteknives•Solventsandsolventcontainer•Acrylicgesso•Glazing/thinningmediums•Cloveoil•Paletteknife•Water-filledspraybottle•TwoL-shapedcornersfromamatboard(foraviewfinder)•20"×24"(51cm×61cm)or18"×24"(46cm×61cm)foamcoreorMasonitesupportboardwithtwoorfourclamps•Sketchpad•Graphiteandcharcoalpencils•Kneadederaser•Maskingtape•Craftknives•Otherusefulitemsforpleinairpainting•Referencephotos
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IntroductionPaintingthelandscapepresentsmanyopportunitiesforself-expression,aswellasanopportunitytoaddresssomeoftheformalaspectsofpicturemaking,andthechancetoconveyanimpressionofone’ssurroundings.Formyself,landscapepaintingwasinitiallyawelcomebreakfromtheconfinementoftheliteraldescriptionrequiredwithportraiture,whichisamongthetypesofpaintingsthatIdo.AsmuchasIadmirethefluidportraitureofAmericanexpatriateartistJohnSingerSargent,itisnoteworthythatlaterinlifehefoundtheportraitpaintingprocessrathertediousanddiscoveredhisgreatestjoyinoutdoorpaintingtrips.IcanidentifywithSargent’sfeelings.Thedesiretopaintwithoutthemaingoalbeingtoliterallydepictwhatone
seesmayseemoddtothenonpainter.Infact,itissometimestakenasaprerequisitethatthecreative(nonliteral)paintingprocessrepresentssomesortoffibbing.Buttome,theprocessofcreatingimagesismoreakintothenovelistwhocreatesfromreallifebuttransmutesthoseexperiencesintoabookrepresentingadistillationofimpressions,andperhapsahighertruth.Takinglibertieswithcolorisanotherwayofnotbeingcloisteredbythetyrannyoftheliteralandfitsinwithmygeneralapproach.Nonetheless,whatisbeingdepictedinmypaintingsisalmostalwaysrecognizable,andIthinktheyarepurchasedandadmiredforthosesamequalities.Still,landscapepaintingoffersachancetofocusontheformalelementsofdesignandcolorandtheinherentbeautyofpaintinawaythatisquiteunique.Coloristhemostexpressivetoolthatartistshaveintheirtoolbox.Oftenitcan
serveasourmostdirectemotionalvehicleandlikewiseresonatewiththevieweronaverypersonallevel.Eachartist’schoicesareuniquelyhisown—subjectiveandbiased—andthereisnoguaranteeofsuccessorcertaintyofappeal.However,enteringintoapaintingwithanopenattitudeofexploringthepossibilitieswillberewardedwithgenuinerevelations.Learningtotakerisksisanessentialaspectofbeingcreativewithcolor,andinthisbook,Iwillshowyou
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anessentialaspectofbeingcreativewithcolor,andinthisbook,Iwillshowyouhowtakingthoserisks—armedwithincreasedknowledgeandyourownintuition—canleadtolastingvisualimpressions.InhisseminalbookLandscapeIntoArt,arthistorianKennethClarkwrites,
“Factsbecomeartthroughlove,whichunifiesthemandliftsthemtoahigherplaneofreality;andinlandscape,thisall-embracingloveisexpressedbylight.”Tome,thisunderscorestheprocessofpaintinglandscapes.Theactofpaintingone’sintimateimpressionsofnature—clouds,atmosphere,topographyandsoon—becomesavehicletohonortheuniquenessandvalidityofourobservations.Thechallengeistocarvethisoutwithoutadheringtoaready-madepathortoanother’svision.Attheendoftheday,however,despitemanyinfluences,ourownvoiceemerges.
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SPRINGLIGHT—ROUTE187,SUGARRUN,PAOiloncanvas.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)CollectionofDavidandVirginiaLovitz,Wyndmoor,PA
SpringisevidentinthisstretchofPennsylvaniaroadalongtheriver,withforsythiaprovidingasplashofwarm,invitingcolorastheeveningsundapplesthepavement.
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MaterialsfortheLandscapeArtist
TRAVELINGANDPAINTING:TOOLSANDPRACTICALTIPSPaintingonlocation,whetherathomeorabroad,requiresawell-organizedportablepaintingsystemthatyouarecomfortablewith.Considertheartistsofyorewhohadtolugheavyequipmentalong,withonlyrudimentarymethodsofgettingaround.PaulCézannetrudgedfivemileseachdayfromMountSainte-VictoireinAix-en-Provencewithhispaintingequipmentinawheelbarrow.Oureffortstodayseemcushybycomparison.Wecanonlybethankfulforthemanymoderntoolsandtransportationoptionsnowatourdisposal.Includedinthissectionaresomeofmymethods,materialsandsuggestions
fortransportingsuppliesandworkingoutdoors.Whentraveling,keepingyourequipmentlightiskey.AsIhavedevelopedmyownproductpreferencesovertime,sowillyou.Inthemeantime,experimentwithvariousoptionstodiscovertheonesyoulike.
LOCATIONMATERIALSFOROILANDACRYLICPAINTERSPalettecarrier|Painterswhouseoilsoracrylicsneedawaytocovertheirpalettessothewetpaintcanbetransportedandusedonsubsequentdays.Plasticpalettecarriers(suchasMasterson)arelightandreasonablypriced,butI’vefoundthatsomeeventuallybuckleandbecomeunsealable.Inowuseathin,flatwoodenboxwhich,althoughdesignedforholdingpastelsinaFrencheasel,worksperfectlyasapalettecover/protector.Thesestrong,durable,inexpensiveboxesareavailableinartsupplystoresandonline.
Easel|Ihaveusedvariouseaselsovertheyears,andtheyallhavecertainadvantages.IcurrentlyuseaSoltekeasel(soltekarts.com),whichisstrongandcompact;evenatninepounds,itishalftheweightofawoodenFrencheasel.Thisniftyeaselhasoveradozenpositionstoaccommodatestanding,sittingina
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chairandsittingontheground.Itsetsupinunderaminute,whichmakesitidealforcapturingmomentswhenthelightisjustright.Althoughpricey,Soltekeaselsarewell-madeenoughtolastmanyyears.Winsor&Newtoneaselsarethenextbestoption;theyarequiteinexpensiveandverylight.Theirfold-upmodel(aboutfiftydollars)isagoodchoicefornewartists.
Brushes|Bristlebrushesworkverywellforcoveringbroadareas.Utrecht’sSablettebrushes(filbertsandrounds)aresoftandallowfordetailaswellasbroadpassagesofpaint.IhavebeenusingSilverwhitesyntheticnylonbrushesaswell,whicharesomewhatmoreuniversal.TheyaremorespringyandstifferthantheSablette,butnotasstiffasthebristlehog’s-hairtype.Generally,itisbettertousethestiffertypeofbristlebrush(suchasboar’shair
orthenylonthatsimulatesboar’shair)whenstartingawork.Thistypeofbrushholdsmorepaintandenablesyoutocoverbroadareaswithmoreease.Thesynthetic-sabletypesarebettersuitedforthelaterstagesofaworkwhenyouareblending,fusingorotherwisefinessingcolorormodelingform.ThesizesofroundsIuseincludenos.2(Sablette),4,6and8.Thesizesof
filbertsIusearenos.1,2,4,8and10.
Solvents|Todiluteoilcolorandforcleaningbrushesandpalettes,youcancarryodorlessturpentine,mineralspiritsorturpenoidinasmallcan.Whenflying,Iusuallytakealongasmallbottle,shippedwithmyluggagesoIhaveitreadywhenIarrive.Checkwithyourairlinefortheirpoliciesontransportingsolvents.
Paintingsurface|IliketocarryapadofCansonCanva-Paper,availablein16"×20"(41cm×51cm)or20"×24"(51cm×61cm).Anotheroptionistobringheavyweightbarrierpaperorwatercolorpaper(150-lb.[244gsm]),pre-treatedwithtwocoatsofacrylicgesso.Youmaywishtobringarollofcanvas,stretcherstripsandastaplertomakeyourowncanvason-site,butthisrequiresmorework.StillanotheroptionisMultimediaArtboard.Becausethisproductisveryabsorbent,acoatofgessoorLiquinisneededtomakeitreadyforpaint.Wind
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Riverpanelsareanotherexcellentoption.Thesearchivalpanelsaremadewithlinenorcanvasandgluedontolightweightsupports.
Paint|Thefollowingcolorsworkwellforeitheroiloracrylicpainting:
•RawUmber•BurntUmber•BurntSienna•YellowOchre•NaplesYellow•CadmiumYellow(Light,MediumandDeep)•CadmiumOrange•CadmiumRedLight•VenetianRed(orIndianRed)•PermanentRose•AlizarinCrimson•UltramarineBlue•CeruleanBlue•ChromiumOxideGreen•PhthaloGreen•White•Black
HighlyrecommendedforoilpaintersonlyisPermalbaWhite.Winsor&Newton’sGriffinAlkydquick-dryingwhitepaintisgreatfortraveling.Fortintingsurfaces,IusuallyuseNeutralGrayacrylicpaintfromUtrechtandsometimesRawSienna(acrylicoroil)orBurntSienna(acrylic).Trydifferentbrandstodiscoveryourownpaintpreferences.
Glazing/thinningmediums|Anoptionalitemforoilpainters,Copalmediumspeedsthedryingofoilpaints.Liquinalsospeedsdryingandprovidesaneven
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finalvarnish.ThemediumthatIhavebeenusingasoflateisUtrechtAlkydGlazingMedium,whichisverysimilartoLiquin.Cloveoilisanoptionthatslowsdrying,allowingmoretimeforcorrectionsifneeded.Ionlyusecloveoilinthedrawingstage,notwhilepainting.
Solventcontainer|ThebestcontainerIhavefoundisastainless-steelmodelcalledthePetiteAirTightBrushWasher.Clampskeepyourturpentineormineralspiritsfromspillingwhiletraveling,andascrubbingdeviceinthebottomallowspigmentstosettle.AnotherexceptionalairtightmodelofsolventcontainerissoldbyHolbein.Acheaperbutlesseffectiveoptionissettingtwosmallaluminumcupsonyourpalettetoholdyoursolventandmedium.
Spraybottle|Asmall,water-filledspraybottlewillhelpkeepacrylicpaintwet.
Palette|Forplasticpalettes,cutapieceoffoamcoreormatboardtogoinsideandcoveritwithaluminumfoil.Or,getapremadepaperorwoodenpaletteinsert.
Paletteknives|Iveryrarelyusepaletteknivesfortheactualpaintingprocess,butImayuseonetomixalargequantityofpaint.Ifavorthestandardtriangular-shapedone.Earlyinmycareer,Iwouldalwaysprepareanextensivepaletteofaboutthirtycolorsandusedaknifetomixincloveoil(whichslowsthedryingmarkedly).Now,Ifavorafast-dryingpaletteandthereforedonotpremixwithapaletteknife.
TwoL-shapedcornersfromanoldmatboard|Thesemaybeheldupandusedasaviewfinderbyslidingthemineitherdirectiontoaltertheshapeandcompositionofanyprospectivepainting.
Otherusefulitems|Thingsyouwillwanttohavewhenworkingoutsideofthestudioinclude:
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•Hat•Foldingstool•Camera•Sunglasses•Sunscreen•Tallleatherbootsifyouplantohikeintheopenfields;otherwise,comfortablehikingorwalkingshoes
•Caseforcarryingwork•Sturdytubeforshippingwork•Papertowels/rags
LOCATIONMATERIALSFORPASTELARTISTSSurfaceboard|Irecommenda20"×24"(51cm×61cm)or18"×24"(46cm×61cm)foamcoreorMasoniteboard.Twoorfourclampsareusefulforholdingyourpapertotheboard.
Paper|Forpastel,IcarrytentofifteensheetsofCansonMi-Teintes.ForwatercolorIusuallysuggestcarryingtensheetsof140-lb.(300gsm)cold-press(IuseArches),whichIalsorecommendforthosewhowishtoapplyanacrylicwashbeforeapplyingpastel.Carryasketchpadaswell.ArtSpectrumisawonderfulbrandofpaperthatIjuststartedusing.This
paperisverydurable,somuchsothatyoucanwashoutareasthatarenotworkingout.Youcouldalsouseturpentinewashesfirstasanunderpaintingbeforeusingpastel.
Pastels|APrismacolorNuPastelpackof96colorsisthetravelingsetIprefer.Italsocomesinsmallerquantities,including36,48and60.Thesenicesticksallowfordetailaswellasbroadcoverageofareas.I’vealsousedSchminckeandRembrandtbrands.
Pencils|Forpastelwork,use2Bor4B.Avarietyofcharcoalpencils,2Band
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darkerto6B,areusefulforsketching.Alsokeeponhandakneadederaser.
Maskingtape|Maskingtapecomesinhandyforavarietyofreasons.Oneuseistotapedowntheedgeofyourpaperorcanvassheettopreventitfromblowingorflappinginthewind.
Craftknives|Theseutilityblades(suchasX-Acto)areusefulforavarietyofsmalltasks,includingshapingapasteltoapointorsharpeningcharcoalandcarbonorgraphitepencils.Thecarbonandcharcoalpencilsareoftentoosofttobeusedinaconventionaltypeofhandheldsharpener.
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KEUKACLOUDSOiloncanvas(studiopainting).40"×46"(102cm×117cm)CollectionofCarylFlickinger,PennYan,NY
KEUKALAKE,NOVEMBEROiloncanvasonpanel(study).10"×36"(25cm×91cm)Privatecollection,Corning,NY
Fromon-locationstudytostudiopainting
Ipaintedthispiecemostlyonlocation,onabeautiful,warmSundayafternooninearlyNovember,andfinisheditinthestudiofrommemoryinsteadofusingaphotoreference.TheviewisofKeukaLake,justsouthofPennYan,NewYork,ontheeasternside.Inthestudy,theformatbeingalongrectangle,Idecidedtofocusonthelandandlakeandminimizethesky.Thekeyelementsareallclusteredinafocalpointintheupperright.Inthestudiopainting,Ishiftedthisclustertothelowerright,therebyopeninguptheexpanseofthesky,andzoomedinforacloserview.
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Myoilpalette
Mystudiooilcolors,startingfromtheupperleft:white(usuallyWinsor&NewtonGriffinAlkyd),BurntUmber,BurntSienna,YellowOchre,NaplesYellow,CadmiumYellow,CadmiumOrange,CadmiumRedLight,VenetianRed(orIndianRed),PermanentRoseand/orAlizarinCrimson,UltramarineBlue,CeruleanBlue,ChromiumOxideGreen,YellowGreen(Utrecht)andPhthaloGreen.NotshownhereareothercolorsIusethatIconsiderneutrals,includingblackandRawUmber.Also,latelyIhavebeenusingCobaltBlueorPhthaloBlue,whichIwouldputinbetweentheUltramarineandCerulean.SometimesIaddothercolorstomypalette,suchasHansaYellow,CadmiumYellowLemonandPrussianBlue.
SETTINGUPBACKATTHESTUDIOMypalettelayoutinthestudioisnotanydifferentfromthewayitispreparedformypleinairwork.Thisbasicallyconsistsofarrangingthecolorsaroundthe
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formypleinairwork.Thisbasicallyconsistsofarrangingthecolorsaroundtheoutsideofthepaletteinorderofhowtheywouldappearonthecolorwheel.ThesurfaceIuseformyoilspaintedinthestudioisstretchedlinen(fine-
weaveormedium-weave)andlinenorcanvaspanels.WhenIbegintoworkinthestudio,Iliketohavemysmallpleinairstudy
nearby,alongwithanysketchesandphotoreferences.Aspainterswearealwaystryingtoseeourworkanewandtotakeinthe
overalllookandprogress.Inmystudio,Ihavealargemirrormountedonasturdywoodeneaselandlocatedbehindme.Thepurposeofthemirroristoofferafreshviewofthework.Periodically,Iwilllookatthereverseimageofthepaintinginprogressinthemirror,whereIwillsometimesbesurprisedbytheout-of-whackspatialdivisionsorotheranomaliesthatIcouldn’tseewitharegularview.Standingwhileworkingisalsobeneficial,especiallyduringtheearlystagesof
apainting.Steppingbackfromourcanvasperiodicallyandreassessingourworkisfacilitatedbystanding.
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CHAPTERONE
gettingbetteracquaintedwithcolor
Approachingcolorinpaintingcanbedaunting,butgivenastructureandfamiliaritywiththemainproperties,itwilladdclaritytoyourwork.Inthischapterwewillexploresomeofthebasiccolorterms,theoriesandideasthatwillhelpusarticulateourartisticvisions.
PERUGIANWALL—LASTLIGHTOiloncanvasonpanel.18"×24"(46cm×61cm)ThispaintingoftheancientcityofPerugiaincentralItalywasdoneonaverywindydayonastairway.Theplayoflightonthewallwaswhatinitiallyattractedmeto
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stairway.Theplayoflightonthewallwaswhatinitiallyattractedmetothescene,andthisiswhatwasblockedinquicklyattheinceptionofthepainting.
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LOADINGTHENETS,LIPARIMORNINGOilonlinen.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)
Powerfulprimaries
ThisinterpretationofthedocksinLipari,offthenorthcoastofSicily,usesazigzagcompositiontoleadtheviewerthroughtheimage,withpauseshereandtherefortheviewertoenjoy—acharacter,agesture,acolor.Variationsofyellow,blueandredstandoutinthisscene.Thereisadepictionofmyselfpaintingonthewallintheupperleft.
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ColorTermstoKnowThisbasiclistwillintroduce(orreacquaint)youwithsomeoftheterminologynecessaryforrelatingtocolorinpainting,includingthethreemainpropertiesofcolor:hue,valueandintensity.
Hue|Thegeneralcategorizationofacolor(i.e.,blueorred).
Value|Theleveloflightnessordarknessofacolor,whenitsrangeofvaluesiscomparedtoagrayscale.Generally,thelightestvalue(orwhite)is10onascaleof1to10,andthedarkestvalue(orblack)is1.Somereversetheorder.
Intensity|Thelevelofsaturationorbrillianceofacolor,sometimescalledchroma.Paintcontaininganabundanceofpurepigmentisthereforesaturatedandstronger(higherchroma).Lesseningthesaturationinanygivenhueisonewayofcontrollingintensity.Otherwaysinvolvedilutingthehuewithblack,whiteorcomplementaryhues.
Saturation|Thistermisrelatedtointensitybutrefersalsotohowstrong/pureorweak/dilutedacoloris.
Tint|Anyhuealteredwiththeadditionofwhite.
Shade|Anyhuealteredwiththeadditionofblack.
Key|Thepredominanceofdarkorlightvaluesinapainting.Ahigh-keypaintingcontainsmostlylightvalues,andalow-keypaintinghasmainlydarkvalues.
Primaries|Thethreemainhuesonthecolorwheel:red,yellowandblue.Thesecolorscannotbemixedfromothercolorcombinations.
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Secondaries|Thehuesofgreen,orangeandviolet.Thesecolorscanbemadebymixingcombinationsoftheprimarycolorsred,yellowandblue.
Tertiaries|Thehueslocatedbetweentheprimariesandsecondariesonthecolorwheel:yellow-green,yellow-orange,red-orange,red-violet,blue-violetandblue-green.Thesecolorscanbemadebymixingcombinationsoftheprimaryandsecondarycolors.
Colorchord|Asystem,plan,schemeororganizingprincipleusedtoaddstrengthandstructuretotheoverallcolorapproachinanygivenwork.Thisresultsinamoreunifiedlookandsupportsamood.Acolorchordcanbeformedbyusingacombinationoftwo,threeorfourhuesandisreferredtorespectivelyasadyad,triadortetrad.
Dyad|Acolorchordthatmaybeformedbyusingtwocomplements(colorsappearingoppositeeachotheronthecolorwheel)ortwonearcomplements(suchasredwithblue-greenoryellow-greeninsteadofgreen).
Triad|Acolorchordformedbycombiningthreeequidistantcolorsonthecolorwheel.Theirpositionsformanequilateraltriangle.
Tetrad|Afour-colorchordthatmaybeformedinthreeways:(1)bychoosingtwopairsofcomplementswhoseconnectinglinesareperpendicularonthecolorwheel(forexample,yellowandvioletwithred-orangeandblue-green);(2)bychoosingtwopairsofcomplementsthatareseparatedbyasinglepairofcomplementsonthecolorwheel,formingarectangle—forexample,thetertiariesoneithersideofthecomplementsofyellowandviolet(yellow-orangeandblue-violetwithyellow-greenandred-violet);or(3)bychoosingtwoadjacenthuesandtwoopposinghuesthatformatrapezoidonthecolorwheel(suchasyellowandyellow-orangewithredandblue-green).
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Thestandardcolorwheel
Thestandardcolorwheelcontainstwelvecolors:threeprimaries,threesecondariesandsixtertiaries.
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Thefive-waycolorsphere
ThecolorsphereconceptwasdevisedbySwissExpressionistpainterJohannesIttenandreferstohisfive-waycolor-mixingsystem.It’sintendedtohelpyouvisualizethefiveprinciple“routes”youcantaketomixvarianthuesbetweentwocomplementsoropposites(inthiscase,blueandorange).Visualizethecolorwheelasadiscslidintothesphereatitsequator.Going
aroundthe“equator”requiresgoingthroughthenormalcolorwheel.Moving
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aroundthe“equator”requiresgoingthroughthenormalcolorwheel.Movingfromeithercomplementtowardthecenterofthesphere(andthereforetowardeachother)willneutralizethecolor.Headingnorthorsouthwillproducetints(towardwhite)orshades(towardblack);eachcolorwillgraduallybeneutralizedorlosechromaprogressively.
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BasicColorSchemesSomefamiliaritywithbasiccolorschemes—andbeingabletoidentifytheminpaintingsandintheobservedworld—ishelpfulfortheartist,andusingthemwillgivestructuretothecolorinyourartwork.Colorskillfullypositionedinkeypointsisoftenmuchmoresophisticatedthanusingcolorinabundanceandhaphazardly.Herearesomebasicschemesforselectingandorganizingcolorsinyour
paintings.
Monochromatic
Justonecolorwithitsshades(additionsofblack)oritstints(additionsofwhite).
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white).
Complementary
Apairofcolorsthatareexactlyoppositeeachotheronthecolorwheel.Thisisonewaytoformadyad.
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Offset(ornear)complementary
Onecolorplusanothercolorthatisadjacenttothefirstcolor’sexactcomplement.Thisisanotherwaytomakeadyad.
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Splitcomplementary
Anyonecolor,plusthetwocolorsadjacenttoitsexactcomplement.
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Doublesplitcomplementary
Twopairsofcomplementsthatareseparatedbyonecoloronthecolorwheel.Thisisonewaytoformatetrad.
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Analogous
Anythreeorfouradjacentcolorsonthecolorwheel.
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Analogouspluscomplement
Agroupofadjacentcolors,plusonecomplementaryhueoppositethegroup.
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Triadic
Anythreecolorsthatareanequaldistanceapartonthecolorwheel(forexample,theprimariesred,yellowandblue).
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SOLSTICESUNRISE—SUSQUEHANNAATTHEMOUTHOFTHETOWANDACREEKOilonlinen.38"×54"(97cm×137cm)
Workingwithadyad,usingcolorwheelopposites
IbasedthislargelyimpressionisticpaintingonastudyImadeafterwakingupatdaybreakwhilecampinghereonacanoetrip.Iusedthedyadofviolet/yellowbutwiththeadditionofotherhues,mainlyblues,whitesandlightgrays.Allthecolorsarelightinvalueexceptfortheforegroundshorelineandafewdarkaccentselsewhere.Ioftenusevariantsofthisdyad—inthiscase,withlightvaluestosuggesttheephemeralandatmosphericeffectsoffirstmorninglightonever-changingmist.
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THEYGALLOPEDOiloncanvas.46"×42"(117cm×107cm)
Offsetcomplements
Inthisimaginativescene,offsetcomplementsareused—blue-greenandaredthatismovedtowardbluetomakeitapurple-likeAlizarinCrimson.Thiscolorschemewaschosentoaccentuatethedifferencebetweenthe“normal”lighting
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schemewaschosentoaccentuatethedifferencebetweenthe“normal”lightinginthelandscapebeyondthewallandthesomewhatunexpectedlightingintheareabetweenthewallandtheviewer.Thehorsesandforegroundareawereintendedtoexistinadifferenttypeofspace,perhapsevenanocturneorsometypeofhyper-reality.Thecolorswereadjustedtosuggestashiftoftypesofperception.
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TypesofColorHarmonyAsystemofharmonizingcolorsinapaintingwasfirstdevelopedandpublishedin1839byFrenchartistMichelEugèneChevruel(1786–1889)inhisbookThePrinciplesofHarmonyandContrastofColors.Chevruelorganizedthissystemintosixdistinctharmoniesoftwodifferenttypes:harmoniesofanalogyandharmoniesofcontrast.Hereisabriefsummaryoftheseharmoniesthatarestillusedbyartiststoday.
HARMONIESOFANALOGY
Harmonyofscale|Closelyrelatedvaluesofasinglehueareutilizedtogether.Scaleinthisinstancedoesnotrefertosizebuttokeepingthecolorchoiceswithinonehue,hencereducingthescopeorscaleoftheintendedsystem.Thisclassificationcouldbeconsideredamonochromaticsystem.
Harmonyofhues|Analogouscolors(adjacenthuesonthecolorwheel,usuallynomorethanfour)ofsimilarvalueareused.
Harmonyofasinglecoloredlightbeingdominant|Usingavarietyofhuesbutunifyingthecompositionthroughtheuseofadominantcoloredlight—forexample,acool,softlightfallingonasceneilluminatedbythemoon,oraspecificcoloroflightshiningfromaneonsignintoaninteriorroom.Onecouldalsouselightswithfiltersorbulbsofspecifictemperatures,withtheintentiontoachieveasinglecolorharmonyasaresultoftheillumination.
HARMONIESOFCONTRAST
Contrastofscaleharmony|Usingasinglehuebutemployingstronglyvariedvalues.Thiscouldbeconsideredamonochromaticsystemaswell.
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STONINGTON,MENOCTURNEOilonlinenonpanel.22"×48"(56cm×122cm)
Pairing“imperfect”primariesforharmoniouscolor
Thecolorsystematworkherefocusesonblueandyellow;however,theyaremovedawayfromtheabsoluteprimariestoproducesomewarmblues,liketheCerulean-likecarshadowonthesidewalk.Intheskyandelsewhere,thebluesarecooler(UltramarineBluewithAlizarinCrimson).Theskycoloriskeptlow-chroma,exceptasitnearsthehorizon,wherethevalueislightenedandtheintensityincreased.Thelightslikewisearetoneddowntomakethemsofterthanapureyellow,lessintensebutstillofalightvalue.
Contrastofhuesharmony|Acompositionofanalogouscolors—blue,blue-violetandviolet,forexample—thatarestronginpurityandvaluecontrast.Allthecolorsusedinthisschemeareofadecisivehue,meaningthepurityisclearandthecolorsunmuddied,butthevaluesaredistinctlydifferenttoshowcontrast.
Contrastofcolorharmony|Usingcombinationsofhuesthatappearfarapartfromeachotheronthecolorwheel,suchascomplements,splitcomplementariesandtriadiccolors.
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Theimportanceofusingaharmoniccolorschemecanvaryfrompiecetopiece.Itisoftenbeneficialtotheefficacyofagivenworktohaveanideaofthecolorintentionsandorganizationaheadoftime.Bysettingastructurewithregardstocolor,composition,themeorotheraspects,onecanlearnaboutthepoweroflimitsandtheeffectivenessofdoingmorewithless.However,acolorstrategyisnotalwaysnecessaryorevenappropriate.Forexample,whendoingpleinairwork,itmaybemoreadvantageoustojustrecordone’simpressionsaccurately,honoringone’sperceptionsratherthanimposingapredeterminedagenda.
EARLYMORNINGLIGHTONACANAL—VENICEOiloncanvas.11"×14"(28cm×36cm).Privatecollection
Neutralharmony
Inthisview,Iwasparticularlyinterestedinthelightreflectingonthewaterand
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Inthisview,Iwasparticularlyinterestedinthelightreflectingonthewaterandthemaninthedoorway,whichremindedmeofsomeofJohnSingerSargent’sviewsofdarkVenetianalleys.Thecolorharmonyinthispieceutilizesneutrals.Thedark,ambiguousmysteryofthedoorway,alongwiththegraysandthemuted,warmbrownsintheshadows,formabackdropforthemainevent:theearlymorninglighthittingthewarmochresandrustycolorsofthebuildings,andthelightreflectingoffofasinglewindow.Allformalocusofwarmcolorandthebrightestlightsinthe“sweetzone.”
BICYCLISTSINFRONTOFPHILADELPHIAMUSEUMOilonlinen.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)
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Oilonlinen.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)CollectionofPatsel’sRestaurant,Dalton,PA
Near-complementaryharmony
Thispainting’smaininterestisthecolor,anditsbicyclistsareavehicleforthechromaplay.Theoverallcolorschemeiswarm,almosthot.ItonedthesurfacewithBurntSiennaandCadmiumRed,visibleintheunpaintedborders.Thecolorharmonyisadyadofoffsetprimaries:yellowanditsnearcomplement,magenta,intheshadows.Bothcolorsaremovedawayfromtheircolor-wheel-perfecthuestogivethechosenschemealittlemoresubtletythanjustayellow/purplecombination.
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CHAPTERTWO
makingcolordramatic
Inrealisticpainting,thegoalistocommunicateanimage,amoodoraconceptthroughthedepictionandexpressionofthevisuallyexperiencedworld.Asartists,wemustdecidehowconcernedwearewithduplicatingwhatwesee—intermsofformandshape,aswellascolor—andhowmuchtoalterorinventforabetter,moreexpressive,moredramaticinterpretation.
LIGHTONBALESOilonlinen.30"×36"(76cm×91cm)Makingadecisionaboutoverall
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Oilonlinen.30"×36"(76cm×91cm)Makingadecisionaboutoveralldistributionofshapesandtheirrelationshipsiskeyattheonsetofapainting.Inthiswork,thelightontheforegroundisthemainprotagonist.Thevividskymaytakeupthemajorityofthecanvas,butitservesasabackdropandsupportingroleinthecomposition.
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ConsideringColorTemperatureDeterminingthetemperatureofcolors,eitherintheobservedworldorwithinyourwork,isaveryimportantconsiderationwhenpainting.Evaluatingtemperaturewheneveryouselectacolorwilladdtotheclarityofconception.Generally,colorsthatfallbetweenvioletandblue-greenonthecolorwheel
areconsideredcool,andthosebetweenred-violetandyellow-greenarewarm.However,justhowcoolorwarmacolorappearsdependsonthecontextinwhichitisusedanditsrelationshiptoothernearbycolors.Somevioletsandcertaingreensmaygoineitherdirection,dependingontheirusage.Graysmaybeeithercoolorwarm,dependingonwhethertheyveertowardtheblueoryellowsideofthecolorwheel.Ifthecolorsyouchoosearenotdefinitivelyineithergroup,theyoftenbecome
weakcolors.Thisisnottosaythattherecannotbegreatsubtletyanddelicacyofcolor,aswhenusingmutedgraysandumbers.Still,givingdueconsiderationtothetemperatureofanycoloryouusewillhelptostrengthenyourpainting’sappearance.
Organizingcolorsusingatwo-colorsystemOnewaytoaddasystemorstructuretotheprocessofapproachingcoloristodeterminewhetherthedesiredhueleanstowardblueoryellow.ThisideaisinspiredbytheworkofcontemporarypainterDanielGreene.Asacaveat,however—andunlikeGreene’smethod—anytwocolorscouldworkforthis,iftheyarefarenoughapartonthecolorwheeltomaketheapproacheffective.So,theoppositesofred/greencouldformasystem,ascouldyellow/violet.Inmostofmywork,though,theblue/yellowsystemseemstoworkbest.Almostanycolorcanbeassignedaplacetowardoneoftheseprimaries,withtheexceptionofprimaryredandpuregreen.Asausefulchallenge,randomlyselectacolorfromanobjectyouseeandthenevaluate
whetherthatcolorleanstowardblueoryellow.
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MORNINGWALKOiloncanvas.48"×54"(122cm×137cm)CollectionofAlexanderandElizabethMaclachlan,Wilmington,DE
Warmandcoolonachillyday
ThisfrostyNewYorkCityscene,paintedonalight-ochre-tintedcanvas,alternatesbetweenwarmtonesandthearbitraryselectionofturquoise-likegreensandwarmgreens.Althoughtheturquoiseappearscooloverall,itlookswarmwhencomparedtotheUltramarineBluevest.Thegreenwall,havingmoreyellowinit,isevenwarmer.Purplesandmauvescanbewarmorcool,dependingonhowmuchredorbluetheycontain.Iusedwarmreddishcolorsin
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dependingonhowmuchredorbluetheycontain.Iusedwarmreddishcolorsinthecarandcoollavendertonesinthewindowframes.Althoughthecolorsareengaging,ultimatelywhatmakesthispieceeffectiveis
thetonalcontrastoflightanddark.
NOVEMBERLIGHT—SENATESTREET,WYALUSING,PAOilonlinen.22"×60"(56cm×152cm)CollectionofMosesTaylorHospital,Scranton,PA
Colorextremesmeetingatjusttherightmoment
Inthisworkismyfavoritetypeoflight—thattransitional,fleetingmomentofdramawhereyousee“thecrackbetweentheworlds,”asCarlosCastanedadescribesthisnuminoustimeinhisnovels.Ipushedthecolorsintotheextremesofwarmandcoolusingaviolet/yellowcombination.
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FRONTSTREETFORSYTHIA—VERNALLIGHTOilonlinen.40"×50"(102cm×127cm)
Oppositetonesandtempsenergize
Thehouseinthepaintingbelongedtomygrandmother.Ispentmuchtimeplayinghereandnearby,asourhousewasjustdownthestreet.Hereweseetheevanescenceofspringlight,withitswarmthstreakingacrossalawn.Theforsythiaisthemainfocus,whiletheVictorianbuildingsaresecondary.Thevioletundertoneofthecanvas,becauseitistheoppositeofyellowonthecolorwheel,actsasaneffectivefoil.IappliedthepaintsimilarlytothewayIapplypastel;thepaintqualityis
oftenlikeimpasto,orwithoutalotofsolvent,whichalsomakesitsimilartopastel.Thewordimpastomostcommonlyreferstoatechniquewherepaintislaidverythicklyonanareaoranentirecanvas,sothatthebrushorpalette-
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knifestrokesarevisible.Youcanalsomixthepaintdirectlyonthecanvas.Whendry,impastoprovidestexture.
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EmbracingHigh-ChromaColorThetermchromareferstotheintensityofahue.Highchromasimplymeansstrongcolor.Themorepureacoloris—themorepigmentitcontains—thestrongerthecolor.Lesseningtheamountofpigmentordilutingahuebyaddingblack,whiteoritscomplementwillresultinlower-chromacolor,orcolorthatislessstrong.Paintersgenerallyseekaclarityofcolororpurenessofpigment,andoftenIseektoexpresswhatIseeinbeautiful,brightcolors.Colorsneednotnecessarilyalwaysbeofaconsistentchroma.Infact,wecan
improveourbodyofworkbyvaryingourpalette.Remembertheartistswhohaveachievedsuccessbyusingminimalorverysubtlenuancesofcolor,suchastheBaroqueartistsRembrandt,VelázquezandCaravaggio.Theprocessofdrawingandpaintingisoftenoneofmakinginitialstudiesand
thenrefiningordistillingthesearchforwhatismostengaging.ChoosingcolorsisaspecialpartofthisprocessthatIfindliberatingandthatwillallowyoutoportraythelandscapewithalatitudeorfreedominmethodandapproach.Theprocessbecomeslessrestrictivewithanattitudeofopennesstothepotentialsofcolorusage.Tostart,itisbesttoobservethegivensceneandselectwhatisinherently
drawingyoutoportraythislandscape.Then,byhonoringyourownimpressions,seektobringoutoraccentuatetheuniquenessofyourindividualperception.InTheElementsofColor,JohannesIttenadviseshisreaderstoseektoliberate
thespiritualessenceimprisonedinobjects.Withthatideainmind,wecanapproachpaintinglandscapeswithsomewhatofahigherdictumandpurpose.Thepracticalnutsandboltsofachievingheightenedhueswillcomewithpracticeandexperimentation.
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WINTERVIEWTOWARDTHERIVERVALLEYATBROWNTOWN,PAOilonlinen.46"×50"(117cm×127cm)CollectionofTraceyandChrisKeeney,SugarRun,PA
Primaryvariantsforcreativecolor
Red,yellowandbluearethestarting-pointcolorshere,buteachhueisshiftedawayfromitsperfectprimarytomakethemmorenuancedandeffective.Forexample,theyellowleansmoretowardYellowOchreorNaplesYellowHue.Thehillsidetreesarereddishviolet(madewithAlizarinCrimson,UltramarineBlue,
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BurntSiennaandwhite).Thedistantmountainsarevariationsofblue,startingwiththecooleranddarkerbluenexttotheriver,madewithmoreUltramarineBlue.Asthemountainsrecedetheyaremadelighterinvalue,andmoreCeruleanBlueisused.Theimportantthinginthisworkistogetthesesomewhatarbitrarycolor
choicestoworkinconcert.Thevaluesortoneshavetocorrespondandreadcorrectly,andpertaintotheperceivedscene.
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TERRAMELODIA—LEROY,PAOiloncanvas.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)
Chromachangeswithinapainting
Theabstractqualitiesofthelandareemphasizedhere,andthedrawinglinesofumberpaintwereallowedtoremain.Thefieldsintheforegroundwereinventedtoleadtheeyein;asoneobservernoted,fieldsarenotusuallycultivatedgoingdownhillforsoilerosionreasons.However,therowsofcornontheoppositehillsideactuallywereheadingdownhill.ThetitlealludestotherhythmicqualitythatIliketobringoutinthepatternsoftheland.
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thatIliketobringoutinthepatternsoftheland.Notethattheshadowscastbythetrees,goinghorizontallyacrossthehillside,
areverymutedinchroma,almostneutral,butdarkinvalue.Then,intheupperarea,theshadowofthetreestakesonahigh-chromablue,illustratingtheatmosphericeffectofsfumato,inwhichdistantsceneryappearsbluerorsmoky.Usuallyinthesfumatotreatmentsinalandscape,thechromaisalsoreducedorgrayeddown;here,itwasnotchedup.Intheborders,Iamusingavariantofacomplementofthegreen,whichinthisinstanceisalightAlizarinCrimsonandBurntSiennacombinationwithwhite.
ThebestcolorInpart,themissionoftheLesNabispaintersoflate-nineteenth-centuryFrance,aswellastheFauvists,wastomakeeverycolorperceivedthebestandmostbrilliant.Forexample,ifyouseeagreen,youwouldtrytomakeitthemostintensegreenpossible.
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ChromaticExpressionIntheseexamples,Iamtakingtheinspirationofnatureandaspectsofthelandscape,carefullylookingatwhatIseeandseekingtobringoutthebestormostdescriptivecolor.Sometimesthesesubjectsappearreadyandfullofpotential.AsGeorgiaO’Keeffeonceobserved,theypresentthemselvesasifalreadypainted.However,mostoftenitrequiresworktofleshouttheessenceandrevealtheattributes.ColortheoristandeducatorFaberBirrenmadethisinterestingobservation
aboutaestheticsinrelationtocolor:“Beauty(orugliness)isnotoutthereinman’senvironment,butherewithinman’sbrain….Theperceptionofcolor—includingfeelingandemotion—isthepropertyofhumanconsciousness.Ifmanisawedbywhatheseesinhissurroundings,heshouldbefarmoreimpressedbywhatlieswithinthesanctuaryofhisownbeing.Thuswheretolookiswhatisimportant,notinignorancebutinsensitiveunderstanding.”
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THEOBSERVATION,SCHOOLLANEOiloncanvas.52"×58"(132cm×147cm)CollectionofChrisandSharonLeahy,Corning,NY
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VIEWFROMTHELANEPastelonpreparedpaper.13"×17"(33cm×43cm)Privatecollection,Scranton,PA
Savinghighchromaforthestaroftheshow
Isavedthemostintense,high-chromacolorforthehangingtowels—forthelightonthem,applyingunmixedpaintdirectlyfromthetube—whileusingmoresubduedhuesinthebackground.Icontrastedthetemperatureinthebackground(warmer)withthatoftheforegroundhouse(cooler),partlybecausethesunwasshiningonthebackhouse.Theshadowsintheforegroundwerekeptaverymuted,darkgreen.Inthiscase,thevalueisthemostimportantaspect,asthesedarkshadowsactasaframetobringoutthelightandcolorofthetowels.Thelight/darkrelationshipbetweenthetowelsandthegrassswitchesbackandforth—insomeplaces,thetowelsaredefinedbydarkagainstlight,andinotherplaces,lightagainstdark.
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WILMOTTOWNSHIPWINTERSCENEOilonlinen.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)CollectionofSkipandGinnyDeNeka,Dundee,NY
Combiningbluesandearthtones
Here,thecoolCeruleanBlueamidstthewarmertonesoftheearthandtreesmakeforanicecombination.Theplacementofthetreesandshadowswasalteredtobetterfittheformatandallowforamoreconvincingprogressionintotheimage.Unfortunately,thisoldhouseisnolongerstanding.
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WINTERLIGHTTHROUGHTHEORCHARD—SUGARRUN,PAOilonpanel.22"×48"(56cm×122cm)Lightplayleadstocolorplay
Inthislate-afternoonview,Ilikedthehorizontalstreaksoflightcrossingtheroadasitappearedtonarrowinthedistance,creatinganintriguingvisualdynamic.Theunifyinglightpatternsaremoreexhilaratingthananythinginparticularaboutthelocation,andtheyalsohelporganizethepainting.Thebeautyofsnowandtheplayoflightcanprovidewonderfulinspirationfor
colorusage.Inthisinstance,theinterplayisbetweencoolandwarm.Atetradisusedforthefourmaincolorsinthispainting:thecomplementpairsofviolet/yellowandblue/orange.Thewhiteofthesnowisslightlywarm,withsomelightyellowadded,contrastingwiththelightperiwinkleblueshadows.
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FracturedColorOnewaytoaddluminosityandvarietytoanygivenpassageinaworkofartistobreakupthecolor,ormodulateit.Thisissometimesreferredtoasfracturedcolor,whichsimplymeanstovarythecolorinanygivenarea.Forexample,forasky,selectingandinterspersingthreeanalogouscolors—orseveralvariationsortemperaturesofahue—willvarythecolorandpreventacertainboringregularity.Theyshouldremaincloseinvalue,however,therebycreatingsubtlegradationsofcolorforamoresophisticatedresult.Thisfracturingtechniqueworksverywellwithpastels,asthemediumiswell-
suitedtoapplyingimpressionisticdaubsofcolor.However,itworksequallywellwithoilsandotherpaintingmedia.
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SPRINGHILLLANDSCAPEOiloncanvas.46"×50"(117cm×127cm)CollectionofLouKoch,Paoli,PA
Pastel-likestrokesonadarkunderpainting
Theexplosionofcolorandlightinthispaintingissetoffbythedarkunderpainting,whichalsoaccentuatesthebrushstrokes.ThislargeoilmayactuallyhavestartedasapaintingthatIwasnotsatisfiedwith,andthereforepaintedoverwithadarkmixture(probablyBurntUmberandviolet)thatwasopaqueenoughtocovertheunderlyingimage,sothatno“ghost”imageor
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pentimenti(Italianfor“mistakes,”asinrepentorcorrect)wouldappear.Onotheroccasionsafterthis,Iuseddarkbutintensehuesastheprimerorundercoat.Thisprocessofworkingonadarksurfacewasnotthatdifferentfrommypastelsatthetime,whichwereoftendoneondarkcoloredpaper.Astheworkwasbeginning,IappliedthepaintinamannersimilartothewayIworkinpastel,withindividualbrushstrokesleftintactandverylittleblending.
ZIHUATANEJOBAYEVENINGPastelonpreparedpaper.16"×19 ⁄ ”(41cm×50cm)
Surfacepreparationsupportscolorapplication
TheskyinthispaintingofaMexicanseasidetowniswherefracturedcoloriscomingintoplay.Inthelightpartoftheskyisacombinationofpink,lightblue
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comingintoplay.Inthelightpartoftheskyisacombinationofpink,lightblueandyellow,allappliedinstrokesoflayeredcolor.Thefractured-colorprocessisrelatedtoGeorgesSeurat’spointillism,asthecolorsallkindofmixintheviewer’seyetoformanewcolor,butwithacertainrichnessoftextureandsubtletynotpossiblewithaflat,singlepassageofcolor.Theroughsurfaceofthispreparedpaper(gessowithdiatomaceousearth)allowsforthestrokesofpasteltobebrokenupeasily.
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GlazingGlazesaretransparentortranslucentlayersofthincolorusedtomodifyorenrichthecolorbeneath.Thepaintusedinglazesisusuallysuspendedinamediumoroilsuchaslinseedoil.Therearemanyglazingmediumsavailable.Theuseofglazeshasbeenoneoftheapplicationspossiblewithoilpainting
thathasappealedtoartistsforcenturies.Whenthisglazingtechniquewasdiscoveredandused,theslow-dryingprocessofoilsaddedanadvantageofblendingandmodelingthategg-basedtempera(thepredominantmediumatthetime)didnothave.Theincreasedrichnessandstrengthofcoloravailabletoartistsusingoilpaintwassoonapparent.Thereisacertainallurethattheuseofglazesseemstopromise,whichisto
suggestthattheywillgiveanyartistmarvelousresultsandbeautifulcolor.However,mybestsuggestionforglazingisnottohavetheglazesbethemainfeatureofthepainting.Glazesshouldservetoaugmentwhatthepainterisdoing,ratherthanbethefocus.Somepaintersusemanylayersofglazingmedium(Winsor&Newton’s
Liquin,forexample),oftentimesbetweeneachdayofpainting.Theprocesscanaddrichnessbybringingoutthelusterandbestnatureofthecolors,andequalizethesheen.Coveringapaintingwithalayerofmediumisespeciallyhelpfulwhencertainareasdrymorematte,orwithlesssheenthanotherareas.(BurntUmberisparticularlynotoriousforcausingthisproblem.)AnapplicationofLiquinorUtrechtglazingmediumwilleventhesheentoasatin-likegloss(notsuperglossy).Lately,IhavebeenaddingafinalcoatofUtrechtglazingmediumatthefinishofapaintingtoaccomplishthisevensheenandasaprotectivecoating.
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NEWALBANYWINTEREVENINGOilonlinen.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)Privatecollection,NJ
Glazingforaglowingsunset
InthispaintingIusedsuccessiveglazestoattaintheluminouseffectofthesunlightcomingfrombehindthebarn.IusedWinsor&Newton’sLiquin,aglazingmediumthatisabouttheconsistencyofpetroleumjelly.Isuspendedsparingamountsofpigmentintothistransparentmediumtocreatetheeffectsoffilteredlight.
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GlazingovertimeFlemishpainterJanvanEyck(1390–1441)isoftencreditederroneouslyforinventingtheoilpaintmedium.Itwasactuallyinuseforseveralhundredyearsbeforehim,butinlimitedscope.VanEyck’sTheArnolfiniPortraitintheNationalGalleryinLondonexemplifieshowhetookoilpainttoanunprecedentedlevelofvirtuosity,partlythroughtheuseofglazes.AmericanpainterMaxfieldParrish(1870–1966)alsousedmultiplelayersofthincolorglazestocreatehistrademarkvividandintensecolor.
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IntuitiveColorTheuseofcolorinanintuitiveway,ratherthandictatedbysystemortheory,isanapproachthatmanypainterstakeasstandardprocedure.Ourcolorselectionsreflectaninnatesignatureofourselvesandofferasortofvisualfingerprint.Colorusagebynatureisgenerallyalignedwiththeemotionalandintuitiveaspectsofournature,whiledrawingandlineareassociatedwithlogicandrationality.Formostoftheworksyouseeinthisbook,theapproachthatIuseis
primarilyintuitive,allowingforthecolorchoicestoassumeaflowandnaturalselection.Thisisnottosay,however,thatsystemsandtheoriesarenotusedattimes.Oftentimesthedominantmethod,intuitiveorbysystem,willebbandflowwiththegivenworkdependingontheneedsofthepiece.OnepainterIknewoftenadvocated“askingthepaintingquestions,”ratherthandictatinganagenda.Thisattitudeseemsmoresensible,asitallowsforintuitionandletstheneedsofthepaintingspeakandbeknown.Somebelievethattheveryactofmakingcolorascience,inregardstothe
makingofart,isatoddswithitsfundamentalqualities.Theworkofthenineteenth-centuryFrenchPostimpressionistpainterGeorgesSeuratcomestomind,ashishighlysystematizeduseofcolorintoanopticexercisewasperhapsgoingagainstthegrainoropposedtothenaturalusageofcolor.Ibelieveitisbettertorelyontheorieswheninneedorinafix.Still,athoroughunderstandingofcolortheoryandconceptsonlyallowsformoretoolstosimplifythesometimesdauntingtaskofapplyingcolor.Theprocessofusingcolorintuitivelycanstillbepursuedandencouraged
eventhoughdefiningitexactlyismoreelusive.Workingonlocation(doingallaprimapaintingorpleinairwork)requiresthatyoupaintquicklyandspontaneously,whichencouragesandfacilitatestheintuitiveusageofcolor.
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BROWNING’SPOND—SPRINGHILL,PAPastel.18"×22"(46cm×56cm)
Thesoftpinkofsunset
Thispleinairpastelwascompletedmostlyonasingleeveningatthesamelocationastheoilversion.Portrayingthesamesceneindifferentmediumsoffersvaryinginsightsintothesamemotif.Asthetimeofdayherewassunset,themysteryandsoftnessofthistransitionalperiodwasbestrepresentedwithsoft-edged,diffuseandblendedcolors.Thepinkofduskandsunsetisaparticularlyattractivecolorthatwasfuntoportrayhere.Thispastelhadonelayerofsomewhatfinger-blendedcolor.Then,theintegrityofthestrokesappliedinsubsequentlayerswasallowedtoremain.
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BROWNING’SPOND—SPRINGHILLSOLSTICEOilonlinenonpanel.10"×36"(25cm×91cm)
Observationguidesintuitivechoices
About60to80percentofthispaintingwasdoneonlocation.Aswithallmywork,thecompositionwasthefirstobjective.Then,toorganizethevalues,Isoughtdistinctandclearareasoftonalchange.Ireservedthehigh-chromacoloraccentsforwherethelightwasthestrongest.Theintuitiveaspectcomesinchoosingthehuesthatexpressthevisionandconceptexperiencedonlocation.Inthiscase,Iusedlotsofwarmgreen(ChromiumOxideGreenandYellowOchrepluswhite)toshowthedelicateeffectofwarmlight.Toconveythetopography,Ipaidattentiontothewaythelightbathedtheland,revealingsuchdetailsashowthehillsideanglesdowntothepond.Backatthestudio,Ipuncheduptherust-coloredaccentsnearthesunlitwaterandinthepenumbraoflightinthetrees.
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OVERFRENCHAZILUMOilonpanel.14"×16"(36cm×41cm)
Selectivelyexaggerateforastrongerimage
Thestudyaboveissettingupallthecompositionalelementsandvaluerelationships,alongwithlightdirection.Inthestudiopainting(atright),alloftheseaspectsareembellishedorexaggerated.Valueswereorganizedmoreclearlybymakingtheforegroundtreesandshadowsdarker.Ialsomadethesumacbushesadistinctlydifferentvaluethanthebackground.Theroundnessoftheroadismoreaccuratelydescribedbythecastshadows,andthecontrastontheroadisincreased,too.
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OCTOBERVIEWOFFRENCHAZILUMWITHSUMACOiloncanvasonpanel.44"×48"(111cm×122cm)
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ArrangingandPushingValuesWehaveconsideredthepurposefulalterationandmanipulationofcolorandcolorrelationships,butaconcernthatalmostnecessarilyprecedescolorselectionisvalue.Althoughitisthecolorthatisoftennoticedfirst,inorderforapainting’scolorstoworkfortheviewer,thevaluesmustreadcorrectly.Astheoldadagesays,“Colorgetsthecredit,butvaluedoesthework.”Theinteractionoflightanddarkisoftenreferredtoasthe“figure/ground”
relationship,andputsimply,itreferstowhethertheobjectsdescribedarelightagainstdarkorviceversa.Ifwecansimplifyintoanoverallcompositionaneasilydiscerniblefigure/grounddesignwithclearlyconceivedtonalrelationships,ourartworkwillbeeasierfortheviewertoread.Aswework,weoftenthinkofpunchingupthecolororaccentuatinghues,but
takinglibertywithvalue(thetonesorshades)isanothermethodweshouldalwayskeepinourarsenaloftechniques.Optionsnotoftenthoughtofenougharepushingorexaggeratingvaluerelationships—andconversely,minimizingvaluecontrastforasofter,moresubtleeffect.Thebestapproachistohavefunwithcolor,aslongasthevaluesareworking
inaccordancewithit.Oncethevaluerelationshipsareworking,youhavegreaterfreedomtoinventandaltercolor.
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CADISWINTEREVENINGCharcoalandwhitepastelonpaper.9"×12"(23cm×30cm)
Snowwhite?Maybenot
Thissketchsuggestsanoveralllight/darkplan,or“figure/ground”relationship.Thevalueofthetonedpapersuppliesasuggestionoftheforegroundsnow,whichissomewhatdarkerthanthesky,eventhoughwethinkofsnowaswhite.Valuesareallrelativeandmustalwaysbecompared.
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Thecorrespondingvaluerelationshipsofpurecolorwheelhues
Thecolorweuseonourpaintingsisalmostalwaysamixture,whichmakestheresultantcolorandvalueobtainedunique.Still,thisgrayscale/colorwheelcomparisonprovidesausefulstartingpointtobegintounderstandthevaluesoftubecolors(inthiscase,allWinsor&Newton).Noticethatpurewhiteislighterthantheyellow,andpureblackisdarkerthantheviolet.
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APPROACHINGRAINSTORMOilonpanel.14"×16"(36cm×41cm)
Startinglight
Thisoilstudywasdoneonlocation.Workingoutdoorsprovidesartistswithfirsthandexperienceofnatureandlightinallitsvarieties.Inthiswork,theweatherconditionsprovidedadramaofdarkcloudsagainstthelightlandandroad.
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SPRINGHILL,PA—MAYSTORMPastelonpaper.28"×36"(71cm×91cm)
Goingdarker,withdefinitelightdirection
Here,thevalueswerepusheddarker,mostnotablyontheroad.Thechangesinthepastelresultinrevealingalightdirection,whichinturndescribestheshapeoftheroad,theroundnessofthetreesandthelayoftheland.Themoodqualityinthispastelversionmightbemoreoptimistic,asthelightisshiningthroughfromtheright,eventhoughthecloudsaremassedonthehorizon.
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MAYSTORMONSPRINGHILLOiloncanvas.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)Privatecollection
Pushingthedarksandthelights
Inthispainting,basedonthestudiesshownabove,Ihavepushedthevalueoftheskytopureblacktoemphasizethecontrastandfordramaticeffect.Inthisfinalwork,Ihavecombinedelementsofboththeoilstudyandthepastel.Forexample,thebrightnessoftheroadandthewhitebuildingsintheoilstudyarebroughtintothisversion.Theroadisalsolightened.However,thecolorformdescriptionfromthepastelisalsoincorporated.
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AUGUST4THLANDSCAPEOilonlinenonpanel.10"×36"(25cm×91cm)CollectionofLindaGraves,Ithaca,NY
Usingdarkstozeroinonthelight
Thisoilwaspaintedafterariversidebikerideearlyonesummerevening.ThespotalongtheSusquehannaRiverandthedesiredtimeofdayhadbeendecidedearlierinordertogiveafocusandgoaltomysearch.Inthispainting,thedarkvaluesareoccurringclosertotheviewer,asisusuallythecase;here,theyareinthetreesoneithersideoftheroad.Thesedarkareasoftreesactasatypeofframearoundthehouse,sunandroad.ThedappledsunlightontheroadiswhatIconsideredthemainactorofthepainting,andthelightestlightsandmostchromaticcolor(theyellowandoranges)areoccurringthereandaroundthesun.
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Capturinglightpatternsandrelationships
This12"×9"(30cm×23cm)pencilsketch,donewhilestandingonacrowdedbridgeinVeniceatabout10:30am,wasintendedtocapturetheoverallfeelingoflightwhileemphasizingtherelationshipsbetweentheintervalsoflightcrossingthewater.
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CANALLIGHT,VENICEOilonlinenonpanel.22"×24"(56cm×61cm)
Distinctlinesoflight
Thelightcrossinginthreedistinctareasontheleft—indicatedbysharpyellowhorizontals—wasthemainattractiontothisscene.TherelationshipsbetweentheseslashesoflightiswhatIconsideredthemostimportantcompositionaldevice.ThefactthatIobservedthescenedirectlyandsketchedfromlifehelpedinformthispainting,whichwasdoneinthestudio.
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EARLYMORNINGWINTERLIGHT—SUSQUEHANNAVALLEYATHOMETSFERRY,PAOiloncanvasonpanel.44"×48"(112cm×122cm)
Steppingvaluesfromforegroundtobackground
ThiscompositionalandvalueplaniswhatIconsideratypeofwindowordoorwaydevice(seetheCompositionStrategiesforCreatingDynamicMovementsection).Inthisviewoftherivervalley,thedarkestdarksareintheforegroundtrees,andthenthevaluesbecomeprogressivelylighterinthenext
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groupofviolet-huedtrees.Theselayersofvaluebecomelighterastheeyemovesbackthroughthebreakinthetreestotheriverandland.
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TUSCANHILLSIDE—BARGAAFTERNOONPastelonpaper.25"×17 ⁄ ”(64cm×44cm)
Latelight,deepeningshadows
TheunifyingelementinthispastelisthelastlightofaspringafternooninBarga,acharmingmedievalhilltownhighupinthemountainsofnorthwesternTuscany.Thevalueplanwastoexaggeratethedarksintheshadowsinthecentralareatobringoutthelightstreakingacrossthefieldandhousesinthemidgroundandinselectareasnearthetop.Thistimeofdaywasthegoldenhour,orlateintheafternoon,whenthebeautyofformandlightworktogethertobringoutthebestofeach.
SimultaneouscontrastThisconceptreferstousingtwocolorsthatcontrastwitheachotherandthereforebringoutoneanothertogreateradvantagethantheindividualcolorswouldhaveontheirown.Thisconceptworksbestwhenusingcomplementarycolorssuchasblueandorange.Contrastingvaluesmayemploythisdeviceaswell.Whenvaluesinadrawingaremanipulatedtoincreasethedrama,readabilityorimpactofanimage,thisisalsoanaspectofsimultaneouscontrast.
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TUSCANHILLSIDELIGHT,BARGAOilonlinenonpanel.24"×28"(61cm×71cm)CollectionofDavidZarko,Scranton,PA
Pushingthedarkstoemphasizethelight
Inthisoilversion,donelateintheday,thedarksweremadedarkertoexaggeratethelight.Thedramaoflighthelpstocarveoutthesceneintodistinctvaluepatterns,andthenitisuptotheartisttobringoutthisquality.Forexample,thedarksinthemidground(onthewallandhillsideofthetown)worktosilhouettetheforegroundgrapevineontheleft.Thehouseattheendofthe
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tosilhouettetheforegroundgrapevineontheleft.Thehouseattheendoftheroadisbasicallyamidtoneagainstdark,andthevinesarelightandmidtoneagainstdark.
STRADAFORNACETAWITHONECAT—LASTLIGHT,BARGAPastelonpaper.18"×23"(46cm×58cm)Fromvaluetovalue
AtfirstIwantedtodoanoilpaintingonsite,butafterdroppingmybrushesoverthesteepwallintothegardenbelow,Ihadnorecoursebuttoawaitthehomeowners’return.Tomakethemostofmytime,Ididthispastel.Thecatwaswatchingadoor,fromwhichawomaneventuallyemergedwithscrapsofmeat.
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Thehouseisthefocus,definedprimarilybyvirtueofitbeingamid-valueagainstmostlythedarksaroundit,althoughthereareotherareassuchastheroofwherethefigure/groundrelationshipswitches.Ideally,youwanttoseeanoverallvaluerelationship,meaningasimplifiedlightondark,oramidtoneonlight,oradarkonmidtone,etc.However,intherealworld,suchwell-definedorganizationsarenotalwaysavailableinourchosenmotifs.
MORNINGLIGHTONTHEPINKHOUSE—STRADAFORNACETA,BARGAOiloncanvas.11"×14"(28cm×36cm)Privatecollection,NJDefinitivelightfordrama
IreturnedtothesamespotinBargatwoyearslatertopaintanoil,thistimeinthemorning.Thesunwasshiningdownfromtheupperleft,creatinganengagingpatternoflightandcastshadows.Thehouseisagainthemainactor
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engagingpatternoflightandcastshadows.Thehouseisagainthemainactorhere,andevenmoreinthespotlight.Thevalueofthehouseisnowlighterinthesunlitareas,whichfurtherdramatizesitandcontrastswiththedarkbackground.
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OILDEMONSTRATION
Farmland:WorkinginHigh-ChromaColorThisoilpaintingbeganasademonstrationfortheElmiraRegionalArtSocietyinElmira,NewYork.IusedseveralphotosthatIhadpreviouslytakenforreference.Ilaterfinishedthepaintinginmystudio.Itmayhaverequiredanothersixtoeighthourstocomplete.Moredetailedandcomplicateddesignswouldrequiremoretime.Mymaingoalhereistoshowtheuseofhighchroma(intensecolors)ina
clarifieddesignofthelandscapethatincorporatesdistinctvaluecontrasts.Inotherwords,forthesecreativecolorchoicesthataresomewhatofadeparturefromthelocalcolors,thereneedstobedifferencesinthevalues(relativelightanddark).
MaterialsSurface:Stretchedmedium-weavelinen,36"×40"(91cm×102cm)Paintcolors:AlizarinCrimson•BurntSienna•BurntUmber•CadmiumOrange•CadmiumRedLight•CadmiumYellow•CeruleanBlue•PermanentRose•PhthaloGreen•PrussianBlue•UltramarineBlue•VenetianRed•White•YellowGreen(Utrecht)Other:NeutralGrayacrylicpaint(Utrecht)
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STEP1:SketchthemainshapesanddivisionsTintthesurfacewithNeutralGrayacrylicfirst.Thenstartwithverysimpledivisionsofspaceandaquickappraisaloftherelationshipsbetweentheobjects.Inbeginningthesetypesoflandscapes,Ifocusonthedesignqualityandsearchfortheabstractessence,movingbackandforthwithmyarmheldoutandbrushwieldedinaloosemanner.Takeintheoverallimageanddon’tbecometooengrossedinanyonedetail.ThisdrawingislaidinwithBurntSienna,butanydarkcolorwilldo.Indicatethecenterandthefourquadrantpointswithlightmarkstoassistwithplacement.
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andthefourquadrantpointswithlightmarkstoassistwithplacement.Withoutacenter,itisdifficulttocreateaneffectiverhythmandplacekeyelements.
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STEP2:Continuesketching,mindingperspectiveFurthersketchinthebasicshapesbutwithoutanydetail.Theeyelevelhereislocatedinthefieldjustbelowthebuildings.Theplacementoftheeyelevelsomewhereotherthandirectlyinthecentermakesforabetterdistributionofshapes.Theeyelevelisonlyimpliedhere,becausethereisnospecificlandmarkorhorizonexactlyontheeyelevel.However,theperspectiveanglesoftherooflinesneedtotaketheeyelevelintoconsiderationinordertowork.
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STEP3:BlockintheinitialcolorsBegintoaddcolor,withattentiontogettingthevaluestowork.Here,thegoldofthefieldbringsoutthesumacbecauseitisalightervalue.Atthisstage,thepaintingisstillcomposedofrelativelylargeflatareasofbroadcolor,withtheexceptionofthehouseroofandsilo,whereyou’llbegintosuggestlightdirectionandforms.Thecolorsyouuseneednotberestrictedtolocal(oractual)color.You
caninventcolorasyoufeelinspired,whilestillmaintainingtherealismoftheimage.SinceIliketobringoutthechromainherentinanyscene,thecolorhereispurposelypushedtomoreintensehues.
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Sky:WhitewithPermanentRose,someAlizarinCrimsonandUltramarineBlueSumacbrushintheforeground:MixtureofCadmiumRedLightand
VenetianRedMountain:CombinationofUltramarineBlue,whiteandsomeCerulean
BlueLargeswathofgoldenfield:CadmiumOrange,CadmiumYellowand
whiteGreenareaoffield:YellowGreen(Utrecht)mixedwithwhiteDarkergreenareasoftreesandbrush:PhthaloGreentoneddownwith
AlizarinCrimsonandBurntUmberBuildings:UltramarineBlueandPrussianBluetoneddownwithBurnt
Umberandsomewhite
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OCTOBERSUMAC,NEARSTOWELL,PAOilonlinen.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)
STEP4:CreatecontrastanddimensionwithvaluechangesAsyourpaintingprogresses,giveattentiontocontrastingvalues.Thevaluerelationshipsarecrucialinordertomaketheobjectscommunicateandthecolorwork.Whileadjustingcolorsforclarityandcontrast,theothergoalhereistoarticulateform,whichmeansbringingoutthetopographyandtheshapesofthebuildingsaswellascarvingoutthesculpturalqualityofthetreesandbushesbyaddinghighlightsandpushingdarkstobestronger.Inthisstage,morewhitewasaddedtothe
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pushingdarkstobestronger.Inthisstage,morewhitewasaddedtotheskytolightenthehorizon.ItoneddowntheblueinthebarnandhousebutalsomadethemdarkerwithmoreBurntUmber.Thefinishedpainting—alooseworkwithclearpatterns—retainssome
oftheimmediacyofthesketch.Duringthisfinalstage,Ibroughtoutazigzagor“Z”patternbysuggestingthedirectionofgrainandshadowsinthegoldfield,thenveeringofftotherightandsharplybacktotheleftagainwiththegreensliverofgrassintheupperright.
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OILDEMONSTRATION
GorgeWaterfall:DevelopingaWarmColorSchemeInthisgorgescene,ourgoalistoportraythebeautyoflightwhilecreatingarhythmicflowthroughthepictorialspace.Wewanttoaccentuatethelight,andtodothiswewillchooseamorelimitedpalettetobringoutthescene’sluminosity.Awarmcolorschemeperfectlysuitsthisautumnscene,aswellasthelate-afternoonlightknownasthegoldenhour.Glazingwillbeusedforthefinalapplicationsofpaint,primarilyinareasofsunlight.
MaterialsSurface|Stretchedmedium-weavelinen,26"×30"(66cm×76cm)Paintcolors|BurntSienna•BurntUmber•CadmiumYellowLemon•CadmiumOrange•CadmiumRedLight•ChromiumOxideGreen•HansaYellow•NaplesYellow•PhthaloGreen•UltramarineBlue•VenetianRed•White•YellowOchreOther|NeutralGrayacrylicpaint(Utrecht)•Glazingmedium(Utrecht)
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STEP1:CreatearhythminyoursketchBegindrawingonacanvastintedwithNeutralGrayacrylic.Atthisstage,worktocreatearhythmthroughoutthecanvas.Inthisinstance,itissomewhatofazigzagpattern,startingwiththeheronontherightandthenworkingupthroughthewaterfalltothespaceinthetrees,andthenbacktothesun.
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STEP2:LayinthelightestanddarkestareasBeginpaintingthelightsintheskywhilecarvingoutthesilhouettesofthetrees.Fortheselightcolorsinthesky,useCadmiumYellowLemon,HansaYellow,CadmiumOrangeandwhite.Forthetreesattheridgecrest,useCadmiumRedLight,BurntSienna,VenetianRedandCadmiumOrange.Thenstartlayinginthedarkervaluesinthewater,usingBurntUmber
mixedwithPhthaloGreenandBurntSienna.
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STEP3:MidtonesnextStartworkinginthemidtonesandthedarksofthegorgewalls,usingYellowOchre,ChromiumOxideGreenandBurntUmber.Inthewaterintheforeground,increasethewarmthbyusingmoreVenetianRedandBurntSienna.
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STEP4:DevelopthewaterandthedarksBegindevelopingthewaterfall—inthiscase,usingawarmgray.Forthewaterthatisreflectingthewaterfall,keepthetemperaturecoolerwhilemakingthevaluedarkeraswell.Forthisareaofreflection,usewhitewithUltramarineBlueandsomePhthaloGreenwithwhite.Forthewaterfallitself,usewarmergraysthroughout,especiallyasthewaternearsthetopclosetothesun.ThesewarmergraysareachievedwithwhitemixedwithYellowOchreandajustatadofUltramarineBlue.Pushthedarksdarkerthroughoutthepainting.
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AUTUMNALASCENT—FRONTENACOilonlinen.26"×30"(66cm×76cm)CollectionofBojanPetek,Croton-on-Hudson,NY
STEP5:AddglazesoflightInthisfinalstage,thereareseverallayersofglazedlightappliedinandaroundthesunandonthecoruscatingglintontherippledwaterintheforeground.Theglazeisappliedinthinlayerswithminimalamountofpigmenttocreateatransparentveiloflight.ThecolorsintheseglazesincludesmallamountsofNaplesYellowandHansaYellowwithwhitemixedintoUtrechtglazingmedium.Thevaluesaregoingincreasinglylighterastheynearthetopofthe
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Thevaluesaregoingincreasinglylighterastheynearthetopofthewaterfallandclosertothesun.Thedarker,intenseblacksofthewatercreatemorecontrastwiththeheronintheforeground;thatandtheheron’ssharperedgesmovethebirdclosertotheviewer.Thiscompositionwasdevelopedtoleadtheviewerthroughakindofzigzagstartingatthelowerleft,thenmovingbackandforthwhilesteppingupthelayersofrockandoutthegapinthetrees,toreturntothesunandbackinagain.
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OILDEMONSTRATION
VineyardSunset:GlazingforLuminosityAlthoughIseldomuseglazes,Idecidedthatthisworkwouldbenefitfromglazingtoassistincreatingtheglowoflatesummerwarmthandatmosphere.Ialsowantedtouselayersoftransparentpaint,whichwouldallowaspectsofeachunderlyingcolortoshowthroughsomewhatandcreateanuanceofvarioustonesandhues.Theuseofglazingmediumalsoacceleratesthedryingtime,sooilpaint
beginstohavetheadvantagesoffusingandblendingbutalsoapproachestheadvantagesoffast-dryingacrylicaswell.Oneoftheadvantagesisthatthepaintsetsupquickertoallowsubsequentlayersoreventhickerimpastoapplicationsduringthesamedayofpaintingorveilsofglazeonthefollowingdays.
MaterialsSurface|Stretchedmedium-weavelinen,38"×44"(97cm×112cm)Paintcolors|BurntUmber•CadmiumOrange•CadmiumRedLight(orCadmiumScarlet)•CadmiumYellowDeep•CeruleanBlue•CobaltBlue•HansaYellow•NaplesYellow•PermanentRose•PhthaloGreen•UltramarineBlue•White•YellowOchreOther|RawSiennaacrylicpaint•Cloveoil•Glazingmedium(Utrecht)
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STEP1:OrganizetheshapesandcreateapathFirst,tintthesurfacewithalayerofRawSiennaacrylicpaintthinnedwithwater.Thiscolorwaschosenforitswarmth,whichwillbeallowedtoinfluencethesubsequentcolorapplication,throughtheglazingprocessandalsoaspartsofitremainexposedatthefinish.BeginyourdrawingusingBurntUmberwithasmallamountofcloveoil
added(toslowthedryingtime,onlyinthedrawingstage),whilepayingattentiontotheoveralldistributionofshapesandtheirinteraction.Organizethecloudsintolayersthatmakeupthelargestareaoftheimage,rememberingtheeyelevelandperspective.Azigzagleadstheeye,initiallyfollowingthegrassyareabetweenthevineyards.
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STEP2:CarveoutthecloudsBegincarvingoutthegeneralsilhouetteofthecloudshapes.Thisprocesskeepstheoverallfigure/groundrelationship(lighttodarkarrangement)simplifiedandclear.Inthiscasethecloudsaredefinedasdarkshapesagainstthelightofthesky.Thiswillchangeandmodulatesomeasthepaintingprogresses.StartbypaintingtheskyatthetopusingCobaltBlueandUltramarineBluewithwhiteandasmallamountofNaplesYellowmixedinforwarmth.Astheskyapproachesthehorizon,eliminatethebluehuesandusejustthewarmcolorsofYellowOchre,NaplesYellowandwhite.Astheskystretchesouttothenorthortotheright,mixinasmallamountofPermanentRoseforatouchofpink.Thisisfurtherbroughtoutinsubsequentstages.
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isfurtherbroughtoutinsubsequentstages.
STEP3:FillinthecloudsandwarmuptheskyAddwarmerhuesofCeruleanBlueandNaplesYellowintotheskymixtureatthetopalongwithwhite.Begintopainttheclouds,usingwarmcolorseveninthegraytounifythewarmth.PaintthemwithamixtureofYellowOchre,NaplesYellow,BurntUmberandUltramarineBluewithwhite.Adjustingthelevelsofthesecolorstocreateawarm-huedcloudcanbeverychallenging.Thegoalistocreateanairyeffectwithgraycolorthatiswarmbutnotmuddy.Asthecloudnearsthesun,addmorewarm,lighttones,includingHansaYellow,CadmiumYellowDeep,NaplesYellowandwhite.Minimalamountsofthewarmyellowswillgoa
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NaplesYellowandwhite.Minimalamountsofthewarmyellowswillgoalongwaytocreateintensityincertainareaswithoutoverstatingthechromathroughout.Atthispointwehavenotusedanyglazinginthepainting.
STEP4:BeginglazingMakethefirststatementofthetreesinthemidgroundbyapplyingfairlychromatic(intense)warmhuestosuggestthesunbleedingthrough.Applyafirstlayerofglazingintheforegroundandinthetrees,withacoatofgoldencolor(comprisedofvaryingdegreesofYellowOchre,CadmiumOrangeandCadmiumRedLightorCadmiumScarlet)thinnedwithglazingmedium.Intheskyandmountain,increasethegoldencolor
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withglazingmedium.Intheskyandmountain,increasethegoldencoloraroundthesunwithglazedwarmtones.
STEP5:SoftenthescenewithmoreglazesNowamoreconcertedglazingprocessbegins.Useglazingmediumtothinoutthepaintandtoassistinsmoothingandsofteningedges.Todevelopthelightonthedistantmountainandthecolorinthetreesinfrontofthelakeandintheclouds,applyseverallayersofthin,semitransparentcolor.Iamusingsomefairlyintense,warmhueshere,CadmiumOrangeandHansaYellow,alongwiththemoresubtleNaplesYellowwithwhite.Renderthecloudsmoreairyandatmosphericbylighteningthemandsofteningtheedgeswhilearticulatingsomeofthe
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lighteningthemandsofteningtheedgeswhilearticulatingsomeofthesubtlelayersandshapes.Alsoaddanotherlayeroflighterbutmutedbluetotheskyusingtheglaze,whichalsohelpstosoftentheedgesbetweentheskyandclouds.Theupperareasofthecloudshavesomeareasofslightlydarkerpatchesthatwereachievedbygoingslightlycooler,usingUltramarineBlueandBurntUmberwithwhite.ThepurposeofaddingBurntUmberintothecombinationforthesegraysistomitigateorlessenthecoolnessoftheUltramarineBlue.Iamafteramoreneutralgrayhere.Sometimes,IgetthesameneutralgraybycombiningPhthaloGreenandPermanentRose(nearopposites,tocanceleachother)withwhite.Intheforegroundandmidgroundareas,begintodevelopthedetails
andarticulatethetopographyincolorsofyourchoice.Keepthelightdirectioninmind,asthelightwilldescribetheshapeofthegraduallyslopinghillandthehorizontalfurrowsinthegrass.Thevinesarecatchingthelighttoo,asthesunilluminatesthemfrombehind.
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JULYEVENINGLIGHT—SENECALAKE,BURDETT,NYOilonlinen.38"×44"(97cm×112cm)
STEP6:RefinethecolorsanddetailsTheoverallcolorschemeofthispaintingispredominantlywarm,withalimitedpalette.Thelighteffectsarecreatedbysubtlecontrastofvaluewithintheselectedrangeofthiswarmpalette.Furthersoftenandlightenselectareas—suchastheglowonthemountainbelowthesunandthereducedvaluecontrastinthevinesinfrontofwherethesuniscomingthroughthetreesfromthelake—byusingalayerofmostlyYellowOchreandperhapssomeNaplesYellow.Addwarmlightsinthetreestosoftlyarticulateroundnesswhileshowinglightdirection.Someoftheintensity
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articulateroundnesswhileshowinglightdirection.Someoftheintensitymayneedtobetoneddown;forexample,intherayoflightontheleft,theorangishcolorwaslightenedandpushedtowardalightochre(NaplesYellow—beingthelow-chromacolor—mixedwithwhite).Finally,applyanotherlayeroftheglazingmediumtounifythelevelof
gloss.ThisfinalglazeisoftenrequiredmoresoinpaintingsthatuseBurntUmberandothercolorsthatfrequentlydrywithadullormattequality.TheUtrechtandLiquinbrandsofglazingmediumareverysimilarandimpartasheenorlusterthatismorelikesatinratherthanhighgloss.
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CHAPTERTHREE
expressingthroughcomposition&format
Theemphasisofthischapterisonapproachingcompositionthroughanawarenessofbordersandtherelationshipswithin.Takingtheformat(oroverallshape)ofapaintingintoconsiderationisanessentialpreliminarysteptocreatingeffectivecompositions.Wewillalsoexaminevariousstructuraldesignplansforpaintings.Becomingacquaintedwithsomeofthesebasicapproachestoorganizingtheflowandkeyelementsofapainting,wewillarriveatabetterunderstandingofcompositionalharmonyandhowtoaccomplishitinourartwork.
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APRILTHAW—VALLEYNEARMEHOOPANY,PAOilonlinen.54"×60"(137cm×152cm)CourtesyofWestEndGallery,Corning,NY
Onthisparticularmorning,thepastweekend’sbigsnowhadalreadystartedtomeltandhugedriftswerecarvedoutinhighrelief.Ipaintedasmalloildowninthisvalley,nexttoalittlestreamthatwasrunningfreshwithsnowmelt.Thisviewofthevalleypresentsonlytheland,withoutthefarms.
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ExploringFormatPossibilitiesWhenwefirstbegintoconsideroursubjectandhowwewillportrayit,itiscrucialtotakeintoaccounttheshapeorformatofthecanvasorsurface.Justcarryinganycanvasoutoftheartstoreandacceptingitsformatasagivenwithouttakingintoaccountyourgoalsfortheparticularpaintingwillundermineyourwork.Tryingavarietyofformatsrevealsthepotentialinanygivenscene.Thisis
whyIliketoexperimentwithsizesthatarenot“standard,”orthetraditionalprestretchedsizes.Byselectingavarietyofformatstoexploreagivenscene,itwillshowthatbymerelyconsideringtheconfinesofourpicturespace,wewilladdanewsenseoforderandstructuretoourwork.Additionally,inourquesttoappreciatethedynamicsofcomposition,weneed
toconsiderthefourmostimportantlinesinanywork:thefourbordersoroutsideedgesthatdefineit,andtheresultingshapeorformat.Whyisitsoimportanttoconsidertheboundariesofourpaintingsurface?Becausesomeartistsregardtheedgestobeindispensableasameanstogaugerelationshipsandinteractionwithinacomposition.Secondly,Ithinkitisnecessaryto“honorthecenter”ofthework,whichmeanstorecognizeit(oftenwithamarkofsomekind)inordertoaccessandgaugealltherestofthemajorandminorspatialdivisions.Ioftenusethe“movableborders”or“forgivingmethod”ofsketching,the
ideabeingtoallowforimprovementinthecompositionbyextendingtheformatifneeded.Forme,thefirstpurposeofapreliminarysketchistoarriveataneffectivedistributionofshapes,andifwejustdrawonasketchpadwithoutfirstmakingborders,itisnearlyimpossibletoadequately“honorthecenter”andthereforemakemeaningfuldecisionsabouttheoverallrelationshipsandintervals.Valuerelationships,details,modelingandarticulationofformallcomelater,afterthefoundationandarmatureisestablished.Gettingalltheelementsofapaintingtoworkharmoniouslyisthegoalof
creatingdynamicdesigns,andpurposivelyworkingwithvariedformatsisone
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creatingdynamicdesigns,andpurposivelyworkingwithvariedformatsisonewaytofosteranddevelopourdesignskills.
VENICESHEETSOiloncanvasonpanel.18"×20"(46cm×51cm)CollectionofEdandWandaMcNamara,NewCumberland,PA
Nearlysquare
InthisviewofastreetneartheGiardino,adistrictinVenice,warmlate-afternoonsunlightstreamsthroughacascadeoflaundryhangingbetweenthebuildings.Ilikethisoff-squareformatforthetensioncreatedbythedifferenceindimensions,andalsobecausetheelongatedsquareisnotquiteperceivedasa
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dimensions,andalsobecausetheelongatedsquareisnotquiteperceivedasarectanglebutiseasiertocomposewithinthanatruesquare.Thesheets,shownindiagonalandhorizontaloverlappinglayers,allleaddownandtowardtheendofthestreet.Thesunlightiscomingbacktowardusintheoppositedirection,castingshadowsandfilteringthroughthetowelsandsheets.
EARLYAPRIL—HOLLENBACK,PAOilonpanel.24"×48"(61cm×122cm)CollectionofTerryandBarbKeeney,SugarRun,PA
Elongatedhorizontalallowsformoreinclusion
Thislittlecommunityhasaclassictimelessnesstoit,asifitwerestill1930.Manysuchsmalltownshadschools,stores,churchesandeverythingelseneededforbasicliving.ThissectionofSugarRunCreek,calledthePantherLick,isapopularspotforspringtroutfishing,soIcouldimaginethetroutinitscold,clearwaters.Thiselongatedhorizontalformatallowedmetoincludemorethanastandard-sizecanvaswould.Theroadleadstheviewerinfromthelowerleftandthenguidestheeyearoundinawideovalandbackdownthestream,afterpausingtoappreciatethebuildings.Thelightstreamingacrosstheroadwithheightenedcolorcontinuesthemovementofthestream.
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LASTLIGHTOFAWINTERDAY—ROADFROMNEWALBANY,PAOilonpanel.10"×36"(25cm×91cm)CollectionofSteveandMarieFitzsimmons,Wyalusing,PA
Extremehorizontalforapanoramicview
ThisroadbetweenWyalusingandNewAlbanyinPennsylvaniarollsoverbeautifulhillsandpastmanydelightfulviews.Theroadleadsusintothispanoramicimageandisbolsteredbythetelephonelines.Theclusterofbuildings,houseandbarntotheleftoftheroadserveasafocalpoint.Thelateafternoonlightisrestrictedtojustcertainareas,andthelightdescribestheterrainasitflowsoverandaroundtheearthandtrees.Ilovethewaycolorisheightenedattheendoftheday,lendingarust-likehuetothetreetops.
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JANUARYAFTERNOON—OAKHILLS,PAPastelonpaper.30"×36"(76cm×91cm)
Adjustmentsandopportunities
OftenIrecreatethesameviewinvariousmediumsjusttoexploreitspotential—inthiscase,theviewalonganoldstonewallonawarmwinterday.Theredoakleavesaddanicenoteofcolortotheforeground.Theoff-squareformatwasorganizedherebypushingthestonewallandtreesfartotheleft,whichinturnbringsouttheplayoflightonthelargeexpanseofthefield.Usingareasofopenspaceisaneffectivetoolforstrengtheningcompositions.Thefeelingoflighton
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spaceisaneffectivetoolforstrengtheningcompositions.Thefeelingoflightonmeltingsnowgivesusthatappreciationandanticipationofspring.
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OAKHILLSSTONEWALL,MELTINGSNOWOilonlinen.54"×30"(137cm×76cm)
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Oilonlinen.54"×30"(137cm×76cm)CollectionofPaulaBainbridgeandEricGregorie,Athens,PA
Shiftingthefocus
Thiselongatedverticalformatbringstheoldwallintoprominencemore,givingtheviewerachancetoappreciatethelaborandcraftofbuildingthesestoneborders.
MAYEVENING—OAKHILLS,PAOilonpanel.10"×36"(25cm×91cm)CollectionofJeanneandDonJackson,Haddonfield,NJ
Awiderview
Anelongatedhorizontalformatallowsustoincludemoreofthescene.Inthispainting,theseasonwasalsodifferentthanintheothertwoworksonthispage,andthevantagepointchangedtotheothersideofthewallandroad.Thisformatandvantagepointallowsformultiplepointsofinterest:thesun,filteringlight,castshadowsanddistantbuildings.
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AUTUMNVALLEYSCENE,NEARMEHOOPANY,PAOilonlinen.30"×60"(76cm×152cm)
Choosingtheformatthatbestsetsthescene
Thisbeautifulvalleystretchesbetweentwomountains,presentingmanyintriguingviews.Thehorizontalformatofthispaintingaccentuatesthepanoramicorwide-openspaceofthescenedepicted.Thelightcomingfromtheleftisaccentuatedasitflowsoverthemountainsanddescribesthetopographyofthevalley.
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JULYCLOUDS,MEHOOPANY,PAOilonlinen.18"×20"(46cm×51cm)
Lookingskyward
Thispaintingexploresthesamevalleyasthepreviousone,butfromadifferentangleandusinganotherformat.Thisoff-squareformat,withtheclusteroffarmbuildingsplacedlowinthecomposition,emphasizesthedominantskyandopenatmosphere.Therelativelysmallareaofman-madestructures(thebuildings)contrastswiththewideexpanseofnature(thesky),makingthisworkastudyinopposites.
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CompositionStrategiesforCreatingDynamicMovementCreatingasenseofflowthroughyourworkandorchestratingthesequenceofeventsormainplayersinapaintingisoneofthefundamentalbuildingblocksofmasteringcompositionandshouldbeconsideredbeforeanydetails.Itisalsooneofthemostrewardingprocessesofpicturemaking,asitentailsadialogueorworkingrelationshipwhereyou,astheartist,enterintoarolenotunlikethatofadirectorofaplayortheauthorofanovel.Youareassuminganactiveandcreativerole,ratherthanaservileoneofmerelytranscribingthegivenvisualinformation.Therearemanystrategiestoconsidertocreateaflowandrhythminand
aroundyourcompositions.Ponderingtherelationshipsofthemainelementsofyourworkandhowtheyareworkingtogetherisalsovital,asistheorganizationofintervals.Intervalsarereallythekeytoeffectivecomposition,andasinmusic,thecadenceorrhythmandflowfollowedbytheviewerthroughourarrangementsishowtheoverallbeauty,andevenmusicality,ofaworkisobtained.Thefollowingsketchespresentsimplifieddesignconcepts,eachaneffective
methodofcreatingaflowintoandaroundthepicturesurfaceandwithintheillusionaryspace.Eachisasymmetrical,whichmeansthatthecenterofinterestispositionedawayfromthecenterofthedesign.Eachalsoaimstocreateaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenthemajorshapesandelementsofapainting.
TheartofpaintingYoumayapproachpaintingasjustmerereporting,aprocessofratherservileduplication.Butwhenwebegintoselectourvantagepointsjudiciously,wecanfindspotstopaintthatstartoutwithpotential,andthenfurtherarrange,alterorfine-tuneastheconceptleadstomoreelaboratestudioversions.Whenyoubegintoconsiderpaintingintheseterms,itbecomesanactthatbringsoutthe“art”orinherentbeautyinthepaintingprocess.
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“S”orserpentine
The“S”orserpentinedesignimpartsanaturalflowthatleadstheviewer’seyeinandaroundtheimageandbackintospace.The“S”designcanallowthepaintertocreatearhythmorbringoutthenaturalrhythmofalmostanyscene,andtoarrangeelementstoleadtheviewertocertainareas.
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“Z”orzigzag
Thisplanislesssubtlethanthe“S”design,butmoredynamicduetotheangularandsuddenchanges.The“Z”orzigzagmethodofcomposinghasgreatpotentialfordirectingtheviewerinadynamicjourney.Whenplacingkeyobjectswithinanimage,theycanbelocatedatthechange-of-directionpoints.
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“O”orcircle
Thecircleinthisdesignisplacedoff-center,makingtheplanasymmetrical,andthenthemainelementsofthepaintingareplacedaroundthecircle.
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WINTERSOLSTICELANDSCAPE—COLLEY,PAOiloncanvas.30"×64"(76cm×163cm)diptych
Zigzaggingintoascene
Thiszigzagcompositionwascarriedoutasplannedinthesketch.YoucanseethatIwasplanningtodoadiptych(ortwo-panelpainting)earlyonintheconceptionofthework.Thediptychformatwasusedintheoiltotakethesketchprocessintothefinalstageandmakeitaninherentpartofthefinish.When
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processintothefinalstageandmakeitaninherentpartofthefinish.Whenusingthe“movableborders”or“forgivingmethod”ofsketching,theideaistoallowforimprovementinthecompositionbyextendingtheformatifneeded.So,intheoilshown,IjustcontinuedwhatIbeganinthesketch.
SUMMERMIST—COLLEY,PAOilonpanel.14"×16"(36cm×41cm)
Circularmovement
Inthissmalloil,thereisanoffsetcirculardesignatwork.Althoughratherunderstated,thereissomewhatofacircularcontainmentformedbythebottomofthebales,thenupandaroundandredirectedbackdownthroughthecurving
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vaporontheupperright.Thiscircularmethodcomesintousebestwhenthereisanaturallyoccurringarchorcircle,suchasthebendoftreebranch,thearchofabridge,adoorwayorevenarainbow.
Radiatinglines
Radiatinglinesinfieldsandotherelementsinnaturecanbeusedtodirecttheeyetoadesiredfocalpoint.
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Perspectivelines
Thisdesignissimilartoradiatinglinesbutusesman-madestructuressuchasroadstoleadtheeyetoakeyspot.Theselinesofperspectivearecalledorthogonals.
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Overlapping
Overlappingisamethodparticularlyeffectiveforachievingdepthandrecessionofspace.Inthiscase,circularbalesofhayareoverlapped,leadingtheeyeintothescene.
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Triangleorpyramid
Inthisdesign,themainelementsarearrangedinatriangularpresentation.Noticethatthetriangleisoff-centerandtiltedfordynamiceffect.
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EDINGERHILLOCTOBEROilonpanel.26"×30"(66cm×76cm)
Creatingasenseofspace
Theroadandpositioningofthebalesareworkingtogethertoaugmenttheillusionofspace.Theforegroundbaleoverlappingtheoutbuildingandthedifferenceinthesizeofthebalesalladdstotheperspectiveandrecessionintospace.
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EDINGERHILLSTUDYOilonpanel.10"×30"(25cm×76cm)
Encouragingtheeyetolinger
ThiswaspaintedfromthetailgateofmytruckonarelativelywarmJanuary,asthefullmoonwasrising.Theseelongatedhorizontalformatsaresimilartoafriezeinancientstatuary,likegroupsofmarblefiguresatoptheParthenon,inhowtheyareorganized.Thesimilarityisthatonereadsacrosstheimage,whilelingeringfordetailsandmainpointsofinterest.Inthispainting,theroadleadsusin,butthefinallightiscatchingjustthetopofthehouseandtrees,andfinallymovingovertotherisingmoon.Thehousebecomesthemainfocus,withthemoonandthepointwheretheroadendsatopthehillformingotherpointsofinterest—allthreeformingatypeofinteriortriangle.
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TOWNSCAPE,NICHOLSON,PAOilonlinen.52"×54"(132cm×137cm)CollectionofPatsel’sRestaurant,Dalton,PA
Overlappingtosteptheviewerintoascene
Themassiveviaductdominatesthisviewofasmalltown.Thetwoothersmallerbridgesarealsointerestingsupportingelements.Theroofsofthenineteenth-centuryhouseswereoverlappingfromthisangle,whichassistedincreatingavisualprogressionintothework.
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Doorwayorportal(natural)
Thissimplifiedlandscapesketchshowshowusingtreestoformadoororwindowcanformaneffectiveframingdevicetoleadtheeyeintotheimage.
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Doorwayorportal(man-made)
ThisthumbnailcityscapesketchisbasedontheTiberRiverinRome.Usingbridgearches,asIhavedonehere,orotherarchitecturalformscanalsoactasadoorwayorportalintotheimage.
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Cruciform(natural)
Thissimplifiedsketchillustratestheideaoforganizingthepainting’smaincomponentsintoabroadcrossorcruciformshape.Inthiscase,thecruciformisformedbynaturalelementsinariverscape.
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Cruciform(natural/man-made)
Thisthumbnailsketchofastonewallinalandscapehasbeenorganizedsothescene’smainelements(bothnaturalandman-made)fallintoageneralizedcrossorcruciformshape.
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AUTUMNROAD—SPRINGHILL,PAOiloncanvas.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)Privatecollection,NJ
Combiningdesignstrategies
Ilovetheswoopofthislandscapeastheroadleadsdownthroughthedipanduptheotherside.Thispaintingutilizesahybridtypeofcomposition.Itcombinessomeelementsofthe“S”design,astheroadwindsintoandoverthelandscape,andatthesametimetheroaddividestheformatinanasymmetricalway(offsettotheleft),makingatypeofcruciformarrangementaswell.
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LUMINOUSLANDSCAPEOilonlinen.42"×46"(107cm×117cm)
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“X”design
Thecenterofthe“X”—wherethefocalpointwillgo—isdynamicallyplacedoff-center.Thissketchillustratesthemainarmatureofthenextlandscapesketch.
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“X”marksthespot
Theskydominatesinthissunsetscene.Alargeareaofcloudsservestodrawattentiontothefeaturedperformers—theclusterofsun,house,roadanddappledlight—whicharepositionedoff-centertothelowerleft,atthecenterofthe“X.”Thisfocalareaisalsowherethedarkestandlightesttonesofthepaintingreside.
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EnsuringDynamicPointsofInterestTherearesomeeasywaystoensuregoodplacementofdynamicpointsofinterestinyourpainting.Theywillhelpyouavoidplacingthekeyelementsofyoursceneinastaticpositionordirectlyinthecenterofthecanvas.However,wedon’thavetostubbornlyinsistthatourcompositionsalwayslandeverythingindynamicpoints.Theidea,though,istobecomeacquaintedwithbasicdesignelementsofharmonyandspatialdistribution.Onceweknowtherules,wecanmoreeffectivelybreakthemorplaywiththem.
Thediamond-and-“X”method
Inthismethodofplottingdynamicpoints,simplymakeadiamondonyourcanvasandthenan“X”fromthecorners.Thepointsofintersectiononthesidesofthediamondarethebestplacestoputkeyelements.Thismethodapplieswhethertheformatisarectangleorasquare.
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Theruleofthirds
Inthismethod,simplydivideyourcanvasintothirds,asifitwereatic-tac-toeboard.Theintersectionsaredynamicplacestolocatekeyelements.Thismethodcanbeappliedregardlessoftheshapeofyourcanvas.
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Variationinintervals
Composingwithattentiontointervals—thespacesbetweenobjectsandshapes—willalsohelpyoudynamicallyplacetheelementsofyourpainting.Ratherthanasymmetricaldesignwithalltheobjectsevenlyspaced—resultinginapredictable,boringarrangement—altertheintervals,asIdidwiththesehouses,cloudsandmountains.
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WINTERMORNINGLIGHT—CLAPPERHILL,PAOilonlinen.30"×40"(76cm×102cm)
Aloweyelevelforadynamicdivisionofspace
Inthisscene,Iwasattractedtothewarmlightstreakinghorizontallyacrossthelawnandbuildings.Theeyelevelispurposefullysetquitelowonthecanvastosetupaninherentlydynamicdivisionofspace.Theprimaryverticalisthelarge,darktreeintheforeground,butthenexttreetotheleftaugmentsthisdivision.Thejunctureofthehorizontalstreakoflightandthesecondarytreeislocatedatadynamicpoint.
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OCTOBERLANDSCAPEWITHONECOWOiloncanvas.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)
Creatingadynamicflow
Inthisworkthereisnothingpreciselypositionedatanydynamicpoint.However,theflowoftheworkimpliestheseareasandsortofdancesthroughthevarious“sweetzones.”Weenteratthebottomleftwiththecowinaforegroundtheatricalstage,asitwere,thenoverthedarkboundaryintothesecondarystage.Thenwefollowtheplayoflightandshadowpastthebalesandupthemowinglinesofthehillsidetoexitnearwheretheupperdynamicpointwouldbe,atthecrestofthehill.We“honorthecenter”herebyhavingtheflowcome
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be,atthecrestofthehill.We“honorthecenter”herebyhavingtheflowcomeclosetothecenteronthewayup,butnotactuallygothroughthecenter.Ingeneral,itisbesttoavoidmakingdynamiclinescrossinthecenter,aswewanttoencouragetheasymmetryanddynamicdistributionofmajorshapesandflowofenergy.
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FLORENTINEFULLMOONWALKOilonlinenonpanel.18"×20"(46cm×51cm)
Ameetinginthe“sweetzone”
ThispaintingwasdonewhilevisitingItalyduringthewinter,afterbeinginspiredbythenightambienceofFlorence.Inthiscityscape,thefiguresformafocalpointnearthelowercenter,butthelocusofmainelementsoccursattheverticallineformedbythedivisionbetweenthebuildingandthenightskyandtheimpliedeyelevelsituatedaboutaquarterofthewayupfromthebottom,nearthebaseofthefarstatue.Thisvertical-horizontaljunctureisatadynamicpoint.ThefamousPonteVecchiobridgeinthefardistanceisalsolocatedinthe
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point.ThefamousPonteVecchiobridgeinthefardistanceisalsolocatedinthelowerleftandisapartofthisclusteroflinesandobjectssharingthe“sweetzone.”
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OILDEMONSTRATION
RockyLandscape:ComposinginaSquareFormatIfyou’vealwayspaintedonastandardrectangularcanvas,expandyourexpressivepotentialandabilitytoorchestrateandcomposeyourworkbyselectingnewformatsthatarespecifictoyoursubject.InhisbookThePowerofLimits,architectGyörgyDoczisuggeststhatwecanthinkoftheformatasourempoweringstructure.Tostart,weneedtoexperimentandbecomefamiliarwithacknowledgingtheformatandworkingwithit.Then,afterexperimenting,whenwereturntomoreconventionalsizes,wewillhaveagreaterappreciationforandbemoreeffectiveinarrangingourcompositionalelements.Thegoalofthisdemonstrationistoexpressthequalityofmorninglightusing
alimitedpalettewithinasquareformat.Oftentimeswecanrepresentthebeautyoflightwithaminimumofcolorsorwithcolorschosentoaugmentacertainquality.Inthisautumnscene,wewillfocusonthewarmcolorsofchangingfoliage.
MaterialsSurface:Stretchedfine-weave,oil-primedlinen,40"×40"(102cm×102cm)Paintcolors:Black•BurntUmber•CadmiumOrange•CadmiumRedLight•CadmiumYellowLight•ChromiumOxideGreen•NaplesYellow•RawSienna•UltramarineBlue•VenetianRed•White•YellowOchreOther:Glazingmedium(UtrechtorLiquin)ormineralspirits
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STEP1:MaketheinitialsketchStartbytintingthesurfacewithRawSienna.Thecolorschemeinthisworkwillbepredominantlywarm,thereforethetintofthecanvaswillhaveanimportanteffectonthefinallookofthepainting.Thenmakeyourdrawingusingadarkbrown.Theeyelevelhasbeensetfairlylow,justabovethewaterfall,withtherocksandstairwaysalldrawninperspective.
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STEP2:LayinawarmskyCarveouttheshapesofthetreesbypaintingthelightskybehindthem.UsewhitecombinedwithNaplesYellowtogivetheskywarmth.
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STEP3:DevelopthemidtonesBeginworkingintothemidtones—whichinthiscasearetheareasoftreesandrocks—usingYellowOchre,ChromiumOxideGreen,CadmiumOrangeandwhite.Workfairlybroadlyandtreattheshapesgraphicallyandratherflatly—inotherwords,don’tarticulateformtoomuchatthispoint.BeginthewaterfallwithamixtureofUltramarineBlue,BurntUmber
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andwhitetoproduceagraycolorthatcanbefurtherlightenedlater.TheglowofthesunisbeingpaintedatthisstagebyaddingCadmiumRedLight,NaplesYellowandwhitetotheareaaroundthetrees,whilesofteningedges.AddtheslantingbeamsoflightusingwhiteandsomeNaplesYellow.IlikeNaplesYellowbecauseofitslowtintingstrength,whichwarmsandlightensbutdoesnotoverpower.
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STEP4:DeepenthevaluesWorkonthestairstotherightandfurtherdevelopthedetailsthroughout.UseBurntUmberandblacktopushthecontrastanddeepenthevaluesinthestepsandaroundthewaterfall.WorkintothelighterareasoftherocksontheleftwithamixtureofYellowOchre,BurntUmberandwhitetobringoutthestriatedforms.
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STEP5:PushthecontrastsCreatetwodistinctareasoftreesbyseparatingtheminto“families”ofvalues.Theforegroundtreesarealldarkerthanthebackgroundtrees.Tofurtherthisgoal,softenthebackgroundbyusingamixtureofwhiteandNaplesYellowthinnedwitheithersolvent(mineralspirits)oraglazingmediumforthesky,andCadmiumYellowLightforthetrees.Inthisway,bothareasarewet,andalarge,softbrushdraggingcolorlightlywillsoftenandblendtheedges.Tocreatedepth,softenedgesanddecrease
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softenandblendtheedges.Tocreatedepth,softenedgesanddecreasethevaluecontrastinthebackground,thendothereverseintheforeground.Darkentheforegroundrocksontherightandunifytheirvaluestotakeawaycontrastbetweenindividualrockswhileincreasingtheoverallarea’sdarkness.Gooverthelightstopunchuptheirbrilliance.UseCadmiumRedLightandVenetianRedtoincreasethechromaaroundthesun.
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OILDEMONSTRATION
NeighborhoodStreet:TakingaWiderViewInthisdemonstration,wewillattempttoconveybacklightinginatownscapeandshowhowlightdescribesthelocation.Wewillalsoexploretheimportanceofestablishingstrategicallyplacedverticalsandhorizontalsinthiselongatedrectangleformat.
MaterialsSurface:Stretchedmedium-weavelinen,22"×40"(56cm×102cm)Paintcolors:AlizarinCrimson•BurntSienna•BurntUmber•CadmiumYellowLight•CeruleanBlue•CobaltBlue•UltramarineBlue•White•YellowOchreOther:NeutralGrayacrylicpaint(Utrecht)
STEP1:PayattentiontoperspectiveanddivisionofspaceThissceneattractedmeforitstimelessquality,asitlooksinpresentdaymuchlikeitdidin1910.Compositionally,Iselectedthisviewwiththe
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muchlikeitdidin1910.Compositionally,Iselectedthisviewwiththelargetreeandsidewalktoformaninterestingarrangementanddivisionofspace.Thelargesttreedividesthecanvasintosimplifiedlargeareas.OnasurfacetintedwithNeutralGrayacrylic,beginsketchingwithadarkbrown.Thispaintingincludesseveralbuildingsthatnecessitategettingthe
perspectivecorrect.Ifyoulookcloselyatthetreebehindthestreetsign,youwillseean“X,”puttheretoindicatetheeyelevelandvanishingpoint(thepointwherealltheparallellinesofthepictureappeartoconverge).Keepthevanishingpointinmindasyoudraw,asitisimportanttohavealltheperspectivelinesinagreement.
STEP2:Blockinthegrass,snowandthesunlitsidesofthehousesBeginbyblockinginsomeofthelightsinthegrassareas,usingYellowOchreandBurntSiennawithwhite.Themidtonetintofthecanvassuppliesthevalueformuchofthesurface,eventhoughitwillbepaintedoverforthemostpart.Paintthesnowandthesunlitsidesofthehousesusingjustwhite.Thewhiteatthisstageisappliedthinlyandwilleventuallygoevenbrighterwithsubsequentlayers.
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STEP3:IntroducecooltonesintothestreetandsidewalkThestreetandsidewalkarecoolerintone.ApplyamixtureofUltramarineBluewithAlizarinCrimsonandwhiteforsomeparts,andCeruleanBluealongwithCobaltBlueandBurntUmberwithwhiteforothers.Continuedevelopingtheplayoflightonthesurfaces,whilearticulatingformandtopography.
STEP4:ComparehowtheshadowsreadastheydevelopWorkontheshadowareasthroughoutthepaintingandstarttodevelop
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Workontheshadowareasthroughoutthepaintingandstarttodevelopthedetails,bringingitalltogethergradually.Forthetrees,startwiththelargestlimbs,waitinguntilclosetothefinishtoaddthesmallerones.TheshadowareaoftheforegroundtreeisarticulatedwithYellowOchreandBurntSiennatosuggestlighterareasofthebark,andconsequentlytheroundnessofthetreetrunk.Thecentralhousewasactuallyayellowhue,soitsshadowedareas
wererecreatedwithYellowOchre,CadmiumYellowLightandwhite.Thechallengeherewastohavetheshadowareaofthehousereadasshadow,eventhoughthevalueisnotthatmuchdarkerthanthesunlitareasofthegrass.
WhitethatdriesjustrightThewhitepaintIpreferisWinsor&Newton’sGriffinAlkyd.Iusethisfast-dryingoilbecauseitsetsupthepaintquicker,allowingforsubsequentlayeringonthenextdayorevenlateronthesameday.Inthisway,theoilpaintingtechniquecombinestheadvantagesoffast-dryingacrylicwhilestillretainingtheabilitytoblendduringthedayofapplication,whichisoneoftheappealsofoilpaintandwhyitisgenerallyadmiredamongartists.
TAYLORAVENUE—WINTERMORNINGLIGHT
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TAYLORAVENUE—WINTERMORNINGLIGHTOilonlinen.22"×40"(56cm×102cm)
LetthesunlightinFurtherdevelopthebuildingsanddetailsthroughoutthepainting,softeningorsharpeningtheedgesasneeded.Lightenandaddwarmthtotheskyontheleft,nearwherethesunis.Adddeepertonestothemapletreeintheforeground,andpunchupthewarmthinthelighterareasofthebarkinthesametree.Furtherlightenthesidewalkandtheroad,adjustingtheapplicationanddirectionofyourbrushstrokestodescribetheflatnessorroundnessoftheroad.Thoughcoolerthanthegrassyareas,keepthetemperatureofthegrayishroadandsidewalkrelativelywarmbecauseofthesunlightaffectingthem.
ShowingmorethansimplywhatyouseeWhencomposing,artistsarealsoestablishingacertainhierarchyofpatternanddesign.Weattempttofindopportunitieswithinnaturetoexpressconceptsthatwillgivesignificanceandsubstancetoanimage,whileavoidingaslavish,literalcopyingofnature.Manytimesagivensceneseemstopresentlittleaccesstosuchagoal,butthatispartofthesearchandtheconsequentreward.Ratherthanjustaccumulatingonedetailontopofanother,weattempttoshowthatthereisaplanandestablishanorderthatlendsasenseofdirectiontotheprocess—andhopefully,asenseofcoherencetotheresults.
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OILDEMONSTRATION
CoastalTownscape:GuidingtheViewer’sEyeThecoastofMaineinallitsruggedbeautyandwithitswonderfulnineteenth-centurybuildingsisasplendidandcompellingsubjectforartists.Inthisdemonstration,wearedepictingthesmalltownofStonington.Thegoalistoshowaconnectionbetweentheoldermanintheboatandtheyouthgazingathim,whileportrayingthebeautyoftheseasidebuildings.Portrayingthedepthofthescenewiththeoverlappingfigures,andthenhavingthescenerecedeintothedistantshoreline,ispartoftheappealandthechallenge.Ididapleinairstudy(shownintheConveyingtheCloudssection)ofthe
samescenethesummerbeforeattemptingthislargeoil.
MaterialsSurface:Stretchedfine-weave,oil-primedlinen,40"×40"(102cm×102cm)Paintcolors:AlizarinCrimson•BurntSienna•BurntUmber•CadmiumRedLight•CadmiumYellow•CeruleanBlue•ChromiumOxideGreen•CobaltBlue•NaplesYellow•PhthaloGreen•RawSienna•UltramarineBlue•White•YellowOchreOther:Mineralspirits
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STEP1:CarefullyindicateperspectiveandvalueasyoudrawFirst,tintthesurfacewithRawSiennathinnedwithmineralspirits.Thenmakeyourdrawing,withsomeindicationofvalue.Thedrawingisacrucialstage,asitsetsuptheoverallcompositionthatincludesthekeyplacements,suchasthefiguresinthebottomright.Carefullymindtheperspectivecreatedbythebuildings,rocksandthewater’ssurfaceasyoudraw.
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STEP2:StartwiththelightsEstablishtheoverallvalueschemebystartingwiththelightskybehindthelandandhouses.Fortheskyandwater,usevariousblues—Cobalt,UltramarineandsomeCerulean(mostlynearthehorizon),mixedwithvaryingdegreesofwhite,asshowninthisstepandthenext.Fortherocksonthedistantshoreandthehouses,useawarmwhite
andgray,madewithsmallamountsofYellowOchre,NaplesYellow,BurntUmberandsomeUltramarineBluemixedwithampleamountsof
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white.Alsobegintocarveoutthelightanddarkpatternsoftheboy’sshirt,usingCadmiumRedLightwithabitofCadmiumYellowandwhiteinthesunlitarea,andacoolermixofBurntSienna,CadmiumRedLightandalittleAlizarinCrimsonintheshadows,appliedthinlytoallowthegroundcolortoshowthroughsomewhat.
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STEP3:LayinthebuildingsandthelandscapeApplythinlayersofpainttoestablishtheoverallcolorofthebuildingsandthelandscape.PaintthetreesandshrubsinthebackgroundusingChromiumOxideGreen,YellowOchreandNaplesYellowinthelightareas,andPhthaloGreenandBurntUmberintheshadows.Paintthesunlitpartofthenearbyhousewiththesamemixtureasthe
rocks:YellowOchre,NaplesYellow,BurntUmber,UltramarineBlueandwhite.
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white.
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STEP4:BringthesceneintofocusWorkoverallofthesurface,tryingtobringtheentireimageintofocusgradually.Workonsomeofthedetailssuchasthemanintheboat,theboyandthebuildings.Asyoudevelopthewateranditsreflections,accentuatethewarm,salmon-likecoloroftherocksandseaweedtoaugmenthowtheydescribetheperspectivelayoutandtheplaneofthewater.Thesestriatedhorizontalareasallservetoleadtheeyebackintospace.Theyarebroughtoutbyvirtueofthefactthattheirvaluesarelighterthanthewater,butalsobythecolordistinctionofthewarm
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lighterthanthewater,butalsobythecolordistinctionofthewarmagainstthecoolofthebluewater.
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STEP5:Gofordetail,contrastandcolorInthefinalpaintingstage,bringoutmoredetails,suchasthecedarshakesinthebuildingontheleft.Furtherdevelopthecontrastoflightanddarkaswellascolor.Theskycolorispushedinchromawithasubsequentlayer,usingmoreCobaltBlueandUltramarineBlueatthetop,andmoreCerulean(awarmerblue)withwhiteatthebottom.Increasetheintensityoftheboy’sshirtbyusingmoreCadmiumRedLightinthesunlitareas,andpushingthedarksbyaddingmoreAlizarin
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Lightinthesunlitareas,andpushingthedarksbyaddingmoreAlizarinCrimsonandBurntSienna.TheAlizarinCrimsonisacoolandtransparentredishcolorandworkswellforshadowareasofred.Whereas,thewhiteandCadmiumRedLightareopaqueandwarmandworknicelytosuggestthesunstrikingtheshirt.
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CHAPTERFOUR
paintingskies,clouds&light
Forcenturies,paintershaveusedtheskyintheirlandscapesandcityscapestoaddanetherealaspectofswirlingorganicshapesdictatedbythewhimsofthewindtocontrasttheman-madeconstructionsandinfluencesontheland.Someoftheearliestandmostnotableexamplesarefoundintheseventeenth-centuryDutchlandscapesbyartistssuchasJacobvanRuisdael,whocreatedvastandsometimesbroodingandtragicmoodsthroughhisdepictionsofskies.AstheDutchlowlandsofferedminimalvariationsintopography,thoseDutchartistswereforcedtolookupwardforvariationanddrama.However,manyofushaveaccesstoagreatvarietyofcontrastsinourland,sotheskyisnotneededasmuchforbeingthemainactorinourpainterlydramas,butasasupportingroletoaddtoachoreographeddancewiththelandandtownsdepicted.
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LATEAUTUMNVALLEYLIGHTOiloncanvasonpanel.44"×48"(112cm×122cm)Thisstudyoflight,skyandcloudspresentstheviewoftheSusquehannaRiverasitwindssouth.ItshowstheeffectsofafternoonlightasitplaysacrosstheFrenchAzilumvalleybelowit.
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WhatWillYourSkySay?Caravaggiowassaidtohaveregardedstilllifepaintingasthehighestgenreofart,Isuspectbecauseofitspotentialforbeingdirectedbytheartist.So,totakethatideafurther,itcouldbeeasilyarguedthatskieshaveevenmorecreativepotentialthanstilllife,aswecancontrol,choreographandcomposewithgreaterspecificity.Aswithallcompositions,itisimportanttofirstconsiderthebroadoverall
relationshipsandbasicdivisionsofspace—whethertheskyisaslimsliveroflightattheupperedgeofthecanvasorawideswathfillingmostoftheformat.Cloudsandskiesofferafairamountoflatitudeandroomforcreatingarrangementsthatreallyreflectourwishes.Withthatsaid,whendeterminingwhatyouwantyourskytosay,thinkabout
fundamentalconceptssuchaslightandshade,colorand,surprisingly,perspective.Yes,believeitornot,perspectiveintheskiescomesintoplayoften,butnotinquitethesamewayastheultra-definedaspectsoflinearperspectiveinacityscape.Theatmosphericeffectsofweatherandhumidity,aswellasthesizesandshapesofcloudformationsandhowtheyfollowthecurvatureoftheearth,arefactorstoconsider.Inasense,skyportrayalsbecomemeteorologicalstudiesandastatementoranimpressionofagiventimeandplace.
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VERNALLIGHTATATHREE-WAYSTOP—SPRINGHILL,PAOilonlinen.40"×46"(102cm×117cm)Askythatsupports
Inthispainting,theearlyeveningskyplaysasupportingrole,anexampleofhowlarge,unoccupiedspacesserveasaneffectivedevicetomakingthemainactorsofacompositionevenmoreemphatic.Theoldfarmhouse,streakinglightandbarnsharetheleadrolesinthisscene.Inthesky,however,Ihavejudiciouslyplacedacoupleofsmallcloudsinakeyspotforinterest.
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MID-AUGUSTEVE—STONINGTON,MEOilonlinen.26"×30"(66cm×76cm)
Capturingafleetingmoment
Thisviewoftheharborwasroughedinverygenerallyonlocationinanattempttocapturethefleetingearlyeveninglight.Thedetailsandfinalarticulationwereaddedlaterinthestudio.Thefadinglightofthesunwaswarmandgavetheuppersectionofthehouseandtreetopsagoldencolor.Thehousewasactuallyalightgreen,butIdecidedtoletmyinterestinthecolorofthelighttakeprecedenceratherthantheactualor“local”colorofthescene.
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EDINGERHILLMOONRISEOilonpanel.22"×48"(56cm×122cm)
Transitionalcolors
Atransitionaltimeisdepictedhere.Afullmoonriseswhilethelastwarmraysofthesungraduallyclimbthebuildingsandforms.TheclearnessofaJanuaryeveningandacloudlessskyinspiredme.Themoonascendingonthefarrightbecomesanintriguingcounter-interesttothesunsettingbehindme.Thistimeofdayoftenhasthehorizonturningadelicatepink,andinthiscaseIhaveaccentuatedthathuesomewhat,usingAlizarinCrimson,PermanentRoseandwhite.
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ConveyingtheCloudsTheprocessofpaintingcloudsonlocationsharessomesimilaritiestofigurepaintingandportraiturewhendonefromlife.Paintingcloudsorpeopleinlargepartinvolvesmemorization,visualizationandcreativity.Whenwelookatoursubjectandthenbacktoourcanvas,thereisaninherentactofmemorizingthatisnecessary.Wemustretainthatvisualimpressionlongenoughtoportraythescenewhilewepaint,beforewelookbacktorefreshourmemory.Cloudsbringthisprocesstotheforefront,astheyareoftenbuffetedbywinds
andthereforearealwaysinflux.Inaway,theyunderscoretheimpermanentandchangingnatureoflifeitself,astheyshowusfromminutetominutehowtransformationisongoingandhowthecontinualmorphingfromonestatetoanotherisalwaysoccurring.So,whenwepaintoutside,sometimesthecloudsarecaptivatingand
engaging,andwejustchoosetoexpresstheformsandcombinationsthatwefindappealing.Atothertimesweneedtouseacombinationofinventionandmemory,aswewillseecloudstructuresandthenwe’llneedtorecreatethembeforeourimpressionvanishes.OftenIwillincorporateparticularlymemorablecloudformationsthatIwitnessedbeforeintothecurrentpainting.Havingavisualcatalogofcloudcombinationsinyourheadtodrawuponisuseful.Thechallengeistobeawareofhowthesecreatedcloudsareinteractingwitheachotherinthepresentcomposition,withintheoverallpainting.Whenpaintingcloudsinastudiowork,Ioftenhaveavisualizationofthe
particularcloudstructuretobeillustrated.Thisincludestheperspective,lightdirection,arrangementofmajorshapesandcolorscheme.Thetypeofcloudsyouarepaintingshouldalsobeconsidered,andageneral
familiaritywithmeteorologyishelpful.Cloudsareoftensoft-edged,buttherecanbesomelatitudehereaswell.Theruleofsofteningedgesanddecreasingcontrastinthedistanceappliestocloudsjustasitdoesotherelements.
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SENECACUMULUSOilonlinen.26"×30"(66cm×76cm)
Overlappingcloudstoshowspaceanddistance
OftenwhenIampaintingclouds,IborrowfrommemoryorsometimesevencombinemyobservationsinnaturewithbitsofinspirationIcanrecallfromotherartists.Intheend,Icomeupwithadistilledversionofcloudsthatareuniquetomyvision.Inthiswork,thecloudsrecedetotherightandupthelengthofthelake,whichistothenorth.Thedarkhorizontalbandsofclouds—oftenobservedonsummerdays,whenthunderstormsarethreateningorhaverecentlypassed—recedewest,fromrighttoleft.Theyarelayeredinfrontofthelargecumuluscloudsandprojectclosertous.Belowthelargewhitecloudsisa
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cumuluscloudsandprojectclosertous.Belowthelargewhitecloudsisasmallergroupofthesametypenearthehorizon.
GOLDENCLOUDSOVERSULLIVANCOUNTYCOWSOilonlinen.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)PermanentcollectionofPaulyFriedmanArtGallery,MisericordiaUniversity,Dallas,PA
Imaginingabillowyarrangement
TheinspirationforthisworkwasderivedfromaviewnearDushore,Pennsylvania.Thispaintingisnotaliteraldepiction.Thecloudswereinventedbutbasedonobservation,asthatsummerfeaturedseveralweeksofthemostamazingclouds.Thesecloudswererobustandbillowedwithgreatdynamic
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amazingclouds.Thesecloudswererobustandbillowedwithgreatdynamicenergyoverthewarm-coloredfields.Eventhoughthesecloudswereentirelyinvented,attheinceptionIhadageneralvisionofhowtheyweretobecomposed,aswellasthewarmpaletteIplannedtouse.IstartedwithlargemassesofcolorasIcarvedouttheirgeneralshapes,whilekeepinginmindtheoveralldesignqualities.Insubsequentpaintingsessions,Ibeganarticulatingtheroundnessofthecloudsbybuildingupthelightsinthesunlitareasandlightermidtonesintheshadows.TheblueoftheskywasmutedwithBurntUmberorRawUmbersoasnottocompetewiththeclouds.
THEMORNINGROW—STONINGTON,MEOilonlinen.26"×30"(66cm×76cm)
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Oilonlinen.26"×30"(66cm×76cm)
Valueshiftsindicatedepth
Thecloudsinthisworkwereconceivedintermsoflargemassesfirst,withthebigwhiteareabeingthemainsection.Thentheprocessistosubdivideandlayertocreateinterestanddepth,asthisisactuallyhowcloudsfrequentlylook.Insomeareasthevalueswitchwillcreatedepth,asisthecasewiththeslightlydarkergrayclouds,whichreadasbeinginfrontofthewhiteclouds.Theshiftsinvalueinspecificareas,alongwithlayering,combinetohelporganizethecloudswhilecreatingmovementandthelookofairy,shiftingforms.Toseeavideoclipofmepaintingthisscene,visitbriankeeler.com.
SOLSTICERIVERCLOUDS—SUGARRUN,PAOilonpanel.22"×48"(56cm×122cm)CollectionofDonaPosatko,Dallas,PA
Adjustingcloudcolorstothelight
Paintingnexttothisriverislandprovidedaspectacularviewofthesunmeltingintothetrees.Thesun’sraysoflightdepictedinthissceneareknownascrepuscularlight(derivedfromcrepusculo,theItalianwordfor“twilight”).Thevaryingwarmlightscreateamagicfeelingonaneveningsuchasthis.The
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chromainthisworkisintensifiedtoaugmentthedramaofeveningsummerlight;IusedsomeCadmiumRedsandOrangesalongwithvariousyellowsinthetreesnearthesun.Thedarkvalueoftheforegroundtreesalsodrawsattentiontothearea,asthecontrastandchromaarestrongestnearthesun.
AUGUSTEVENING—WYALUSINGCREEKOilonpanel.22"×48"(56cm×122cm)
Figure/groundrelationshipsswitchingacrossthesky
IcreatedthisoilinmystudiofromastudyImadeafterridingmybicycleuptothebridgeonRoute706nearLawton,Pennsylvania.IwaspleasedthatIcouldpaintthecowswhiletheyweremoving.Thisexpandedformatincludesthebridgewithawiderviewnoteasilyattainedwhiledoingfieldstudies.Inthiswork,thecloudsclosesttothehorizonweregenerallyperceivedasbeingmidorlightvalueagainstanevenlighterbackground.Intheuppersky,thefigure/groundrelationshipflips,asthecloudsarelightagainstthedarkerblue.Nearthesun,thecloudshaveseverallayersofpaint,asIgraduallykeptlightening,warmingandsofteningedges.
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SUMMERLAKEHEAT—ITHACA,NYOilonpanel.30"×36"(76cm×91cm)CollectionofMichaelandAllisonRiley,Ithaca,NY
Complementarycloudcolors
Thisstudiopainting,basedonpleinairstudies,wascompletedwithamostlywarmpalette.Thelargecloudswereorganizedintotwomajorareas.Closesttotheviewerandontheleftisanareaofcoolclouds,madewithavarietyofbluesandwhitebutmitigatedandwarmedwithNaplesYellowandYellowOchre.Soeventhoughthesecloudsarerelativelycoolerthanthecloudstotheright,theyaremostlyawarmgray.Therearetwoareasofwarmeranddarkerorangenearthetop.Thereisalsoalayeringandoverlappingoccurring,indicatinga
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recessionofspacetotheright,whichisupandnorthonthelake.
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SeeingandStatingtheLightTheportrayaloflightisoneofthosefascinatingandephemeralaspectsofnaturethathascaptivatedtheattentionofmanyartists.Thedepictionoflightoftenbecomesthemaingoalinmypaintings,whilethelandorsubjectcantakeonmoreofasupportingrole.Whenwepaint,itisoftensaidthatweareportrayingtheplayoflightand
howitdescribestheworldwesee.Regardinglightastheprotagonistinaworkofartcancauseashiftinourperceptionwhenobservingandpainting.Thedramaofstronglightonaneveninglandscapeorcityscapeactuallyhelpsmemakeaninitialsimplifiedstatement.Ilikethelookofsimplifiedareasthatrevealtheunderlyinggeometricbeauty.IfwethinkofthepleinairoilstudiesofCorot,aFrenchlandscapepainter,doneintheRomanForumorelsewhereinItaly,webegintoappreciatetheeconomyoflineandshapetoreveallightandform.So,usinglight,Iattempttobreakdownanygivensceneintolargeareasoflightanddark.Sometimesthiscanbethedifferencebetweenthesunlitareasandshadow,or
inanightscene,thelargemassesoflandagainstsky.Aswithalltypesofpainting,thekeytocolorandlightisvaluedistinction.Theseparationandorchestrationofanysubjectintoclearareasoftoneandvaluereallytrumpsthecolor.But,afteryouhavemadeimportantvaluedecisions,thecolorcanbeasourceofrewardandexhilarationasyouexploretherangebetweensoftnuanceandstrongemphasis.
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RIVERSCAPEWITHHERONOilonlinen.44"×64"(112cm×163cm)triptychCollectionofWillaFalck,Golden,CO
Savingthemostcaptivatinglightsforthesky
Inthestudyforthiswork,thesunwasattimesfilteringontopofthetallgrassontheislandandelsewhere.Inthisstudioversion,Isimplifiedtheoverallfigure/groundrelationshiptohavethelightsmostlyintheskyandthedarksbelowthehorizon,butwithsomealterationshereandthere.Theheronrisingsuggestsaninherentspiritualquality.
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FIRSTSTREET,WINTERLIGHT—WYALUSING,PAOilonlinen.40"×58"(102cm×147cm)CollectionofAlandBettyMacLachlan,Wilmington,DELightpatternsonsnow
Therelativelyhigheyelevelaccentuatestheinspirationforthispainting:thelight-dappledyard.ThesnowwaspaintedrathercarefullyherebydrawingwithBurntUmberthepatternoflightandshade.Iusedcoolcolorsinthesnow,asitwasreflectingtheblueskyabove.Thehouse,however,waspaintedwithwarmercolors,eventhoughitisalsoavariationofwhite.Theoldslatewalkshownhassincebeenreplacedbyconcrete.Buthere,the
irregularityofthechippedtilesaddscharacter.Itwaspaintedwithadarkerblue/violethueintheshadowareas,andinthesunlitparts,awarmgraymadewithwhite,BurntUmberandsomeYellowOchre.
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BRIDGESTREET—STARSHADOWANDLIGHTOilonlinen.38"×54"(97cm×137cm)
Lightrevealstopographicaldetails
Thetitlereferstotheeasy-to-misspatternoflightcreatedbythesunfilteringthroughtheChristmasdecorationontothepavement.Itisaserendipitousmoment,withtheever-changinglightmovingacrossthegrittyandcinder-strewnroad.OnereasonIliketoportraythislatetimeofdayoutsideisthatIcanmorereadilyexperiencethetransitoryandfleetingnatureoflife.Inpaintingsceneslikethis,keepinmindthetopographyoftheareadepicted.Here,thelightisdescribingtheformortopographyoftheroadandthesnow-coveredbank,revealinghowmuchorhowlittleeachistiltingandslanting.
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BacklightingforDramaBacklightingoffersawonderfulrangeofpossibilitiesforportrayinglight,aslightingfrombehindinherentlyprovidesdramaandcontrast.Inotherlightingconditions,weareusuallydepictinglightonandaroundobjectsasitcomesfromasideangleorabove.Inbacklighting,shapesareoftensilhouettedatadistancefromtheviewer,withtheplayoflightdisplayedspreadingoutinthespacebetweenthoseshapesandtheviewer.Thechallengeinbacklitscenes,perhapsmoresothaninotherlighting
conditions,istogetthelandtolieflatorinaplaneconsistentwiththeperspective.TheproblemIhaveseeninsomestudents’workisthattheforegroundplayoflightappearstotiltdowntoomuch.Thisisreallyaperspectiveanddrawingissue,buttheseoff-kilterdepictionsinthelayofthelandseemtocomeoutinthesecircumstances.Ofcourse,lookingintothelightisbadfortheeyes,andIinfrequentlydothis
inpleinairanymore.ItissaidthatthisprocesswasacontributingfactortotheeventualvisionproblemsoftheImpressionistpaintersofFrance.So,aswehavecamerastoday,itisbettertousephotoreferencestohelpuspaintbacklitscenes.
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GOD’SHILLSUMMERLANDSCAPEOilonlinen.44"×52"(112cm×132cm)CollectionofHarryLee,Stroudsburg,PA
Colorfulhalationeffect
Despitetheratherdarkunderpainting,thisworkcontainslotsofcolor.Therowsofcultivatedfieldsinthemid-groundleadtheeyebacktothebarnandbeyond,followingthedirectionofthelight.Thehuesareintensifiedalongthebordersoftheshadows,whichisaphenomenonsometimeswitnessedinphotography.Asitisusedhereandinotherpaintingsinthisbook,theideaistopushthecolorandcreateaneffectreferredtoinmeteorologyorphotographyashalation–a
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diffusingoflight(àlaVermeer)oranaureole(acircleoflight)aroundanobject.
SUMMERMORNING—SUGARRUN,PAOilonlinen.22"×60"(56cm×152cm)CollectionofWilliamsportRegionalMedicalCenter,Williamsport,PA
Adeparturefromlocalcolortotranslatethewarmthofascene
Onmanyoccasions,I’vepaintedsunlightthroughtreesandthewaythelightplaysonlawnsandroads.However,thispainting,showinganearlymorningviewalongtheriver,alsodisplaysthelightonquicklyevaporatingmist.Thismistherewasportrayedwithseverallayersofcolor,graduallygoinglighterandlighter.Asthenatureofmistisephemeral,ever-changingandconstantlyfluctuatingbetweenopaqueandsemitransparent,thechallengewastokeepitsoft-edgedbutstilldescribetheshapesofthespires.Ipurposelyusedwarmcolorsinthetree,eventhoughthefoliageisgreen,becausemygoalwastodepictthewarmthofasummermorningandthecoloroflightinsteadofanexacttranscriptionoflocalcolors.
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VERNALLAWNLIGHTOiloncanvas.44"×48"(112cm×122cm)
Takingcolorchances
Theglowofthesunwasdepictedherebyfirstusingverywarmhues—CadmiumRed,VenetianRedandCadmiumOrange—butalsobylighteningthevaluefromthedarkgreenofthetree.IntheforegroundshadowsItookalotoflibertywiththecolorbyselectinganearcomplementtothelocalcolorofthegreengrass,choosingvariationsofmagentaandhigh-keyviolet.Thevalueofthismagenta-likecolorisaboutthesameasthegreenshadownearthebottomofthecanvas.
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WaterReflectingtheSkyandLandWaterandlightcombinedhavetogetherformedanothermotifthathasprovidedarewardingmuseformanyartists.Therearemanychallengesofworkingwithwaterandskycombined,butmanyrewardsaswell.TheworkofMaxfieldParrishprovidesanexampleofoneendofthe
spectrum,thatbeingofexactnessindepictingreflectivity.Incertainpieces,heshowedamirrorlikereflectioninthewaterofthescenesdepictedabovethewater’ssurface.Hisprecisionandbeautifulcolorcombinetomakeformemorableworksofgreatbeauty.Onthepainterlysideofthespectrumarethebrushierpainterswhoexemplifiedprocessmorethanfinish,withEugèneBoudin’slittleseasideoilsorÉdouardManet’sbroadbrushandsimplifiedareasinSeineRiverscenesshowingusotheroptions.Aswatercanbeplacidandreflectiveorchoppyandnotmirrorlikeatall,there
islatitudeforthetreatmentwechoose.Therearesomeconstantsthataregoodtokeepinmind,buteventhesecanhaveexceptionsdependingonweatherconditions.Onecommonphenomenonisthatthehuesareoftendarkerinthereflection,meaningthewaterisfrequentlydarkerthanthesky.Andasthewateristhereverseofthesky,thehuesgetdarkerandmoreintensetowardthebottomofourcanvas(astheskygetsdarkerthefartheritisfromthehorizon).Onechallengeofportrayingwateristoseizetheserendipitouseffectswhile
workinginpleinair.Forexample,catchingtheeffectofabreezeasitrufflesasectionofwatermayprovideagreatcompositionaldevice.Anotherfascinatingandchallengingaspecttoexpressinpaintishowlightworksinwater—itsrefractionanddistortion—andthetransparencyofwater,orhowmuchorhowlittleitrevealsofwhatliesbeneaththesurface.
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INLETAFTERNOON—ITHACA,NYOilonlinen.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)
Generalreflectionsofcolor
Inthisworkthecloudswereinventedbutbasedonobservation.Youcanseethattheyareorganizedaccordingtoaperspectiveplan,asthelowercloudsarediminishinginsize,overlappingandthereforegoingbackintospace.Theyformsortofavisualaerialechooftheinlet,whichisalsogoingbackintospace.Thewaterhadwavesfromthewindandfromthescullers’oars,soitwasnotglassylikeamirror.Becauseofthis,thereflectionscouldbegeneralandsuggestive.
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EARLYMAY,FOSTERBRANCH—HOLLENBACK,PAOiloncanvas.36"×50"(91cm×127cm)diptychStillandmovingwater
Inthisworkthestreamisrunningoverrocksfairlyswiftlyandthereforenotreflectingmuch,andalsonotlettingusseeintothewater.Asmallpooltothelowerright,however,isnotpartofthecurrentandthereforeisstill,andreflectingthesunandtreessomewhat.Thesuninthereflectionandtheactualsunlightarebothpositionedindynamicpointsoftherightpanelofthisdiptych.Thepatchofgoldenlighttotheleftonthedistanthillformsonepointofatriangularshapeinthisdesign,withthetwosuns(actualandreflected)formingtheotherpoints.
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TIBEREVENING—ROMEOiloncanvasonpanel.18"×24"(46cm×61cm)
Reflectingman-madestructuresintowater
Whenpaintingwaterwithacityscapeorwitharchitectureinthebackground,weneedtorecreatethemirroredimagesoftheman-madestructures.Thiscombinationisappealing,asitshowstheflowingriverincontrasttothemorepermanentbuildings.Generally,thereflectedimagesaredarkerthanthoseontheshore,butnotalways.Theflowingcurrentandtheripplesaddinterestandcomplexitytothewater.Thisnocturneisrathersuggestiveandimpressionistic;thegoalwasnottorenderthedetailstootightly,buttocapturethemoodandfeelingoftheancientcityatsunset.
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OVERWATKINSGLEN,NYOilonlinen.26"×30"(66cm×76cm)
Waterbathedinsunlight
ThisviewshowsSenecaLakefromtheeastsidewithpartofthetownbelow.Thecolorinthisworkwassuggestedverybroadlyandgenerallyatfirst,asIwasworkingoutside.Theoveralldistributionofshapes,however,wasarrangedtogetthekeyelementsofthesun,reflection,townandfigureinstrategicpositions.Thesunwasportrayedasseenfilteringthroughclouds,althoughatthetimethecloudswerenotprevalent.Thereflectedglintisthebrightestvalue,andthereforethekeypointtowhichallotherelementsrelate.ThediffusehalationandintensifiedcolorinthetreesandbaletopsiscreatedwithVenetianRedor
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andintensifiedcolorinthetreesandbaletopsiscreatedwithVenetianRedorIndianRedwithCadmiumRed,andperhapssomeCadmiumYellowMedium.
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CAMPFIRESMOKE,LOYALSOCKCREEKOiloncanvas.41"×45"(104cm×114cm)CollectionofLindaGraves,Ithaca,NY
Breakingupthewater
Thevaluesinthisworkarepushedsothatthedarksbecomeverydark.Thereistransparencyinthewater,aswellasanintriguinggraphicpatterncausedbythecurrentandthereflectedareas.Iusedamorepainterlytechniqueintheclosestwaterbymakingthesunglintandorangishareashaveacurvilinear,stylizedlook.Thereisadiagonallighterareagoingacrossthewaterinaslantthatbreaksupthewater’sprogress.Furtherintothework,ahorizontalbandoflight
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breaksupthewater’sprogress.Furtherintothework,ahorizontalbandoflightnearthecampfireprovidesanotherbreakandarestingspotneartheeyelevel.Ididasmallplein-airoilstudyofthissamescenewheretheeyelevelwasplacedmuchlower.However,withtheeyelevelshownhere,theforegroundwaterbecomesmorepredominant.
SUNGLINTONTHEINLETOilonlinen.18"×20"(46cm×51cm)
Land,waterandskysharingthesamewarmhues
Thisdepictionoflateafternoonuseswarmcolors,sometimesevenhothues,
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throughout.Theglintofthesuniscausinghalationaroundthewomenintheboat,andthehuesaremoreintensehereaswell.CadmiumRedLight,CadmiumYellowMediumandLemonYellowaresomeofthecolorsusedintheseareasandalsointhetrees.
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NightSkiesNocturnesprovideuswithanopportunitytoexploreamorepoeticandmysterioussideoflife.Nighttimescenesalsoaffordusthechancetoworkwithalimitedpaletteandexplorethebeautyofsoftedgesanddiffuselight.Thenightskyaswellcansuggestmanypossibilitiesasitopenstotheastral
infinitiesandcontrastswithourrelativelysmallplaceinthegrandschemeofthings.Nighttimeintownscapesandlandscapesallowsustohavefunexploringthebeautyofnatureinteractingwithman-madeelementsandartificiallightfromstreetlampsandhouses.Somepleinairartistsworkoutdoorsatnight,withvariouswaysoflighting
theirworkandseeingtheirpalette.Ihavedonethisonoccasion,mostrecentlyinRomealongtheTiberRiver,wheretheadjacentstreetlightsprovidedenoughworkinglightandthepromenadenexttothewaterhasfewpedestriansformostoftheyear,whichmakesforundisturbedworking.Still,formeandformostotherartists,thepracticalitiesofworkingoutdoors
atnightarejusttoomuchtrouble.Instead,workingfromphotosormemoryorsketchesseemstobemuchmoreeffective.
NightartArthistoryprovidesuswithplentyofnighttimeinspiration,ifjustgazingattheeveningskyisnotenough.SomememorableexamplesareJamesMcNeillWhistler’sviewsoftheThamesRiverinLondonandFredericRemington’sOldAmericanWestscenes.EdwardSteichenalsodidsomebeautifuloilpaintingsofnocturnes.OneofthemostrecognizablenightscenesofallisEdwardHopper’sNighthawks,buthisotherworksofvoyeuristicviewsofcityofficesandwindowsandlonelygasstationsatnightareequallypowerful.
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STONINGTONNOCTURNEOilonlinen.10"×14"(25cm×36cm)Privatecollection,Lewisburg,PA
Theatmosphereofnight
Thisnocturneusesablue/goldcombination,andthepaintingrecallstomesomeofthenightscenesofLondonpaintedbyJamesMcNeillWhistler.Ipurposelyarrangedthereflectionsintheroadtomirrorthehouse,whichisthecentralactorinthisstudy.Thedistantshorelineiskeptmorediffusetoindicatethenightatmosphere.
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SUSQUEHANNANOCTURNEOilonpanel.14"×16"(36cm×41cm)
Dividingthenight
Thisworkalsohasablue/goldcolorscheme,andtheoverallcompositionissimplifiedintodistinctareasofsky,trees,riverandshore.Thefiguresandcampfireoccupyakeypointandarelocatedinoneofthe“sweetzones.”
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CLOSECALL—SUGARRUN,PAMixedmedia.20"×36"(51cm×91cm)
Nighttimevaluecontrasts
Nightscenesingeneralofferanopportunitytosimplify,andinthiswork(alongwithothersshowninthissection)thelandandtreesoccupythedarkerareasandskyislighter.Valueisdoingafairamountofthedescribinghere.Forexample,thehouseisdefinedbybeingalightshapesilhouettedagainstadarkmassoftrees.Thevalueandhueofthewarm,glowinglightscontrastwiththeoverallbluishhueoftherestoftheimage.ThedeeralsocontainsomeRawUmberorRawSienna,whichaccentuatesthemduetothewarmthofthesecolors.Iusedallthemediainmyarsenal—oil,watercolor,gouache,pastelandcharcoal—asanexperimenttoseewhatcouldbeaccomplished.
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KEUKANOCTURNEOilonlinen.10"×10"(25cm×25cm)
Apaletteofblues
Amonochromaticpaletteofvariationsonblueisatworkhere,withthevaluesfairlyclosetogetherthroughout,exceptwherethedarksarepushedinthetreesandthenthelightsarepushedbrighterinthecloudsandtownlights.Thecloudsarenotasresolvedhereasinsomepaintings,butthisworkservedasastudyforalargeroilofthesamescene.Thecloudswerethoughtofhereastheydrift
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alargeroilofthesamescene.Thecloudswerethoughtofhereastheydriftacrossfromwesttoeast,withafewbandsofcloudsinaCerulean-likebluetocreatecontrastinvalueandtemperature.
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SENECANOCTURNEOilonlinen.10"×10"(25cm×25cm)CollectionofJustinDempsey,Washington,D.C.
Darkerland,lightersky
Assometimeshappens,Istayuntilaftersunsetwhenpaintingdaytimeoreveningscenesandthengettoobservethesamelocalewhilenightbeginstoenveloptheland.Inthispainting,allthevalueshavebeenpusheddark—for
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example,thedistanthillsideismuchdarkerthaninKeukaNocturne(previous).IlovethetwinklingofafewcottagesandhomesasthenightdescendsandoftenpaintthesewithflicksofgoldandYellowOchrewithwhite.Thecloudsarepositionedhigh,soastosuggestaircurrentspushingthemacrossthesky,andrecedetotheright.
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TWILIGHTOVERITHACAOilonlinen.18"×20"(46cm×51cm)
Thelasteffectsofsunlightasnightfalls
Thecloudsinthisworkaredoneingoldandsaffron-likecolorstosuggestthelastraysofwarmsunstillshiningupfrombelowthewesternhorizon.Thecloudsherearethewispy,mare’s-tailtypesthatlendthemselvestosuggestingcurrentsorflowofair.Thestreetlightinthephotosusedforreferencehadaeeriegreenishtintthatmadethefoliagelookratheriridescent.
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KEUKA,NOCTURNEWITHMARES’TAILSOilonlinen.26"×30"(66cm×76cm)
Nightbreezes
Inthisworkthecloudswereorganizedtosuggestswirlingnightbreezes.Theforegroundwaspusheddarkerinvalue,andthedetailsofthevinepostsandincreasedcontrastsofthislandareawereusedtoaugmentclosenessanddepth.
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OILDEMONSTRATION
MoonlitStreet:MaximizingaCoolPaletteThemaingoalsinthispaintingaretoportrayanighttimescenewithalimitedpalette—blueandyellow—contrastinginbothtemperatureandvalue,andtocreateapoetickindofmoodthatsuggeststhequietlifeofavillage.Thelonefigurewalkingontherightandtheinteriorlight,totheleft,serveasbracketsandsupportingactorstoframethemaininterestoftheVictorianhouseinthebackground,withastark,singleillumination.Althoughthecolorsarebasicallyprimary,theyareshiftedoradjustedtobemorenuancedthancolorstakendirectlyfromthetube,orcolor-wheel-perfectprimaries.
MaterialsSurface:Stretchedmedium-weavelinen,26"×30"(66cm×76cm)Paintcolors:AlizarinCrimson•Black•BurntSienna•BurntUmber•CadmiumRedLight•CadmiumYellow•CeruleanBlue•ChromiumOxideGreen•CobaltBlue•NaplesYellow•PermanentRose•PhthaloGreen•PrussianBlue•UltramarineBlue•VenetianRed•White•YellowOchreOther:NeutralGrayacrylicpaint(Utrecht)•Mineralspirits
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SENATEANDCHURCHSTREETNOCTURNEOilonlinen.10"×10"(25cm×25cm)
Oilstudy
ThisistheoriginalsmalloilstudywhereIexploredthethemebeforestartingthelargerversion.Theshadowsontheleftandtheoverallambienceofnightlightarewhatattractedmetothescene.
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STEP1:MakeasketchwithmoreskyTintthesurfacewithNeutralGrayacrylicfirst.Intheinitialstage,drawtheimagewithattentiontoperspectiveandproportionalrelationships.The“X”markedonthedoorofthedistanthouseindicatesthevanishingpointtowhichalltheperspectivelineslead.Ichangedtheoverallcompositionsignificantlycomparedtomyoriginal
study.Mainly,Iaddedlotsofspaceintheskyabovethetown,therebyaccentuatingthepositioningofkeyelementstoputthemintoamoreeffectivelocation.Forexample,thevanishingpoint,streetlightandlightestvaluesonthegarageareclusteredarounda“sweetzone,”ordynamicpoint,inthelowerright.
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dynamicpoint,inthelowerright.
STEP2:SetuptheskyandbeginthedistanthouseBegintoapplythefirstlayerofcolortotheskyandtothedistanthouse,settinguptheblue/goldcolorscheme.Massintheskywithathinlypaintedlayer(usingafairamountofmineralspirits)ofUltramarineBlueandPrussianBluewithwhite.Skiesalmostalwaysgetlighteratthehorizon,evenatnight,solightentheblueasyougetclosertothebuildings.ApplyNaplesYellow,CadmiumYellowandwhitetothedistanthouse,asthestreetlightiscreatingawarmglow.Begintoadddetailsandmodelformasyougo.Alsoconsiderthe
moon’splacementinthesky.Makelittlecompositionaldecisionswithin
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eachareaofthework.Inotherwords,considernotjustthecompositionasawhole,butalsothesmallersubdivisionsofspace,whichalsohavetheirownarrangementsandrelationships.Thecloudsarepartofthis;addthemtocreatesomewhatsoftbordersthatkeeptheviewer’seyewithinthecanvas.
STEP3:DevelopthehousesasaffectedbythelightThiscompositionhasthreemainfocalpoints:themoon,thedistanthouselitbythestreetlightandthelitwindowofthenearesthouse.Begintopaintthepatternoflightonthenearesthouse,applyingacoolhuemadewithCeruleanBlue,UltramarineBlueandwhite.IlettheBurntSiennalinesremaininareas(suchastheclapboards)toofferawarm
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Siennalinesremaininareas(suchastheclapboards)toofferawarmcontrastandalsobecauseIlikethedrawingtoshow.PainttheshrubberywithPhthaloGreen,AlizarinCrimson,someUltramarineBlueandblack.UsingAlizarinCrimson,anearoppositeofPhthaloGreen,willhelpmakethegreendarkbutverysubduedandlow-chroma.Bothcolorsaretransparent,whichalsoworkswellforshadows.PaintthegrassusingthewarmerChromiumOxideGreenandsomePhthaloGreenandYellowOchre.Keeptheroofofthedistanthousewarm,usingBurntSienna,VenetianRedandsomeCadmiumRedLightonthelighterside,andgraduallydarkeningontheleftwithBurntUmber.
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STEP4:ThestreettakesshapeAddanotherlayerofpainttothesky,andworkonthedetailsofthehouses—shapingtheplanesoftherooflinesandclarifyingotherarchitecturaldetails,butmaintainingtheoverall“painterly”look.Icorrectedtheorthogonallinesonthenearleftchimney.Inthisstage,addothervariationsofcoolcolors.Forexample,inthe
street,addsomepurpleorlavender-likecolors,alongwithsomebluishgreens.TheturquoiseismadebymixingPhthaloGreenandUltramarineBluewithwhite,andthepurpleismadewithCobaltBlue,PermanentRoseandwhite.Iamkeepingtheshadowsinthedistanthousewarmandtheshadowsfromtheshrubbesidetheforegroundhousecool—somewhatofanarbitrarydecisiontoaccomplishacontrastbetweenthetwobuildings.
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SENATESTREETNOCTURNEOilonlinen.26"×30"(66cm×76cm)
STEP5:SharpenandsoftenedgesandincreasecontrastAddyetanotherlayerofpainttothesky.Theselayersfurtheraugmentthegraduationoftonesfromdarkatthetoptolightatthebottom,andaddrichnesstothecolor.Paintthestarsandthediffuseglowaroundthemoon.AddsomeVenetianRedtotheroofofthedistanthousetoaccentuatetheglowandwarmthofthestreetlight.Continuetopushthecontrastsincertainareas,suchastheforeground
grass,whichcanbemadedarkerwithadeepgreen(PhthaloGreenandBurntUmber).Thisprocesssolidifiesthedarkstomakethemappear
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BurntUmber).Thisprocesssolidifiesthedarkstomakethemappearunified.Maketheedgesincertainforegroundareasmorecrisp,andinsomeareassoftentheedges,suchaswherethedistantmountain(abovethestreetsign)meetsthesky.
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OILANDPASTELDEMONSTRATIONS
BeachSky:TryingaSceneinTwoDifferentMediumsIwasattractedtothisscenebecauseitrepresentedacertaintypeofsummer’s-endritual,asitwasearlyinSeptemberandwasprobablythelasttimethesefamilies,couplesandindividualswouldbebytheseathatseason.Ilikedthecontrastspresented:therawnatureofthelandjuttingintotheoceanwiththesimplifiedgeometryofthebuiltstructures;theroundedorganicshapes(thecloudsandfigures)withtheangularaspectsofthehousesandrocks;theimpermanenceofmanwiththeenduranceoftheearth.Let’sattemptthissceneinpastelfirst,theninoil,notingthedifferencesin
colorandcomposition.
MaterialsForthepastelversion:Surface:CansonMi-Teintespaper,24"×30"(61cm×76cm)Pastels:Variouscolors
Fortheoilversion:Surface:Stretchedmedium-weavelinen,36"×40"(91cm×102cm)Paintcolors:Black•BurntSienna•BurntUmber•CadmiumOrange•CadmiumYellow•NaplesYellow•PermanentRose•UltramarineBlue•White•YellowOchreOther:BurntSiennaacrylicpaint(Utrecht)
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Fictivepositioningwithascalenetriangle
Wewilluseascalenetriangle(noequalsides)tohelpusplacethefiguresinthisscene,buttomakethecompositionmoredynamic,wewillintroducetheideaof“fictivepositioning”asweconsiderthistriangle.Insteadofseeingthetriangleasflatonthepictureplane,imagineitlayingflatontheplaneofthebeach,leadingtheeyebackintospace,withthefiguresarrangedatthecornersinsuchawaythattheintervalsbetweenthemhaveanintrinsicharmony.Composinginanillusionisticspace(orfictiveposition)canaddanotherelementtotheideaofcomposing,whichisusuallyjustconsidered“flatdesign.”
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STEP1:ArrangethecompositionAsyoumakethepreliminarysketch,focusonmajordivisionsofspace,bothverticalandhorizontal,andarticulatethesequencesandintervals.Useforgiving(movable)bordersifneeded;Ididn’thavetoadjustthemforthisparticularpiece.Thisveryearlystageillustratestheideaoffictivepositioningjustdescribed;noticethetriangularmanipulationofthefiguresplacedonthebeach.Arrangethecloudstoadheretoaperspectiveplan,diminishingtheminsizeastheyapproachthehorizon.Useverticalplumblinesnearthehouseinthedistancetoseehowthefiguresalignwiththeotherelements.
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figuresalignwiththeotherelements.
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STEP2:BlockinthemainelementsBlockinthelightareasusingagoldenochrecolor.Theformsaredevelopingasyouclarifythelights.Beginthecolorinthecloudsusinghigh-chromahues—inthiscase,arosehueintheshadowareasandagoldenochreinthesunlitareas.Thesetwocolorsarejustslightlyoffoftheperfectcolorwheeloppositesofyellowandviolet,tomakethemmoresophisticatedandappealing.Inthesandandreflectedcloudsintheforegroundwater,usethesamegoldandrosecombination.Intheshadowareaoftherocks,useadarkbluesimilartoPrussianBlue.Forthesky,useapastelsimilartoalightUltramarineBlue,lightenedeven
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thesky,useapastelsimilartoalightUltramarineBlue,lightenedevenmorewithwhite.
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GLOUCESTERAFTERNOONPastelonpaper.24"×30"(61cm×76cm)
STEP3:CooloffthecloudsThefinishedpastelmaintainsthedyadschemebutwithcolorblendedusingthefingertips.Asthispastelpaintingprogressed,Imovedthehueoftheshadowareasofthecloudsmoretowardtheblueandminimizedtheyellowinthelightareas.Therichcolorsofthecloudsarereflectedontheforegroundwater.Thistimeofdayisoccasionallyreferredtoasthegoldenhour,and
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Thistimeofdayisoccasionallyreferredtoasthegoldenhour,andhencethecontrastsofwarmandcoolaswellaslightanddarkareaccentuated.Consequently,thisparticulardyadofyellowtovioletseemstoappropriatelyexpressthedramaandbeautyofthistimeofday.
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STEP1:ArrangethecompositionUsethepreviousfinishedpastelasareferenceasyoubeginthisoil.SketchthedrawingquicklyoncanvastintedwithBurntSiennaacrylic.Inkeepingwiththefictivepositioningconceptofcomposition,Ihavedrawnatriangleonthisoilinthebeacharea(justasinthedrawingstepofthepasteldemo)toindicatetherelationshipsofthegroupsoffiguresandhowthebeachitselfrecedesintospace,withcorrespondingdiminutionofthesizeofthefigures.
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STEP2:BlockinthemainelementsMassintheformsandmajorlightareas,asyoudidinthepasteldemo.Here,I’vedecidedtomakethecloudshadowsideawarmtone.Createthiswarmgrayintheshadowareaofthecloudswithamixtureofwhite,YellowOchreandsomesmalleramountsofUltramarineBlue.KeeptheskyarelativelylowerchromaofbluebymixingUltramarineBluewithsomesmallamountsofBurntUmber.Theideaistocreatethesoftatmosphericqualityofdiffuselightratherthantheintensehuesofmidday.
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GLOUCESTERSKY,SEPTEMBEROiloncanvas.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)
STEP3:Rearrangethecloudsandfine-tunethecolorsThebiggestchangemadeinvolvedrearrangingthecloudstobelesssymmetricalandmoredynamic.Thecloudsareorganizedintofourmajorbanks,andtheshadowareaofeachisadifferenthueandvalue.Althoughthedyadtreatmentisnotasprevalentasinthepastelversion,therearestillsubtlenuancesofthevioletandyellowcolorscheme.Thelightonthecloudsisagoldenhueoflateafternoonwithorangeaccents,andtheclouds(reflectedinthewater)veertowardblue-violet.The
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andtheclouds(reflectedinthewater)veertowardblue-violet.Theintenseorange(CadmiumOrangeplusCadmiumYellow)onthecentralcloudisplacedatthetransitionbetweenlightandshadow.PaintthemainareaoftheforegroundcloudusingUltramarineBlue,PermanentRose,someBurntUmberandwhite.Maketheothercloudslighterandwarmer,usingvaryingamountsofwhite,PermanentRose,blackandYellowOchre.PainttheforegroundbeachandlightareasoftherockswithamixofYellowOchre,NaplesYellow,CadmiumOrangeandwhite.PainttheshadowareawithBurntUmber,UltramarineBlueandblack.Mixthemidtoneofthelighterrocksintheshadowareausingthesamecombination,lightenedwithYellowOchreandwhite.Painttheforegroundbeachandlightareasoftherockswithamixture
ofYellowOchre,NaplesYellow,CadmiumOrangeandwhite.PainttheshadowareawithBurntUmber,UltramarineBlueandblack.Mixthemidtonehueofthelighterrocksintheshadowareausingthesamecombination,lightenedwithYellowOchreandwhite.Althoughthispaintingfeaturesthesky,theconcernwiththearrangementofthefiguresstillallowsmetothinkofitasafigurativepainting.
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CHAPTERFIVE
conveyingperspective
Apaintercanimplementperspectivewithamodicumofstudyandresearchfrombooksandonlinesources.Conversely,manyscholarsandscientistshaveproventhatperspectivecanalsobeanexhaustive,mathematicalandtechnicalinvestigation.Thischapteroutlinesafewkeyconceptsanddescribeshowtouselinearandaerialperspectivetechniquestopaintrealisticimagerythatismorebelievable.Byconsideringsomeperspectivebasicsattheonsetorinceptionofanypainting,wecanmakeourcompositionsstrongerandmoreorganized.
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JANUARYEVENING—VINEYARDINPERUGIAOilonlinenonpanel.18"×20"(46cm×51cm)ThiswaspaintedonlocationjustoutsideofthenorthernwalloftheancientcityofPerugiainUmbria,incentralItaly.ManydaysinthewinterarenotsocoldinUmbriaastomakepleinairpaintingoverlydifficult.Here,thereisaperspectivesetupbythevineyardposts(allsuggestedquicklywiththinpaint)thatarerecedingbackandupahilltotheleft.Thehousewasseenstraight-on,moreorless,sotherewerenoorthogonalsorotherlinearperspectiveissues.Aerialperspectiveissuggestedbythediffusegoldenlightnearthesettingsunandthegrayofthedistant
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lightnearthesettingsunandthegrayofthedistantmountain.
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PerspectiveTermstoKnowThefollowinglistreviewssomeofthebasictermsnecessaryforrelatingtoperspectiveinart.
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RIVERVALLEY—FRENCHAZILUM,PAOiloncanvas.36"×40"(91cm×102cm)Privatecollection,NJ
Aerial(oratmospheric)perspective
Theaerialperspectiveisdepictedherebysuggestingtheeffectsofatmosphereinthedistantmountains.Thecloserrangeispaintedwithbluesintheshadowsandgreensinthelighterareaswherethesunhits.Thenextrangeofmountainsbehinditcontainssimilarhues,butwithlightervaluesandlessvaluecontrastthanintherestofthepainting.
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Linearperspective|Atypeofperspectiveinwhichdepthisconveyedbytherecessionofobjectsintospaceandparallellinesthatappeartoconvergeinthedistance.
Aerial(oratmospheric)perspective|Atypeofperspectiveinwhichatmosphericeffectsareusedtocreatedepth.Thinkoftheeffectsofmoistureintheair,whichmakesdistantmountainsappearbluishanddiffuse.
Coneofvision(ortheopticcone)|Thestandard60-degreeareavisibletohumanswithoutturningtheheadoreyes.Wide-anglelensesextendthisarea,andtelephotolensesdecreaseitbutmagnifytheview.
Pictureplane|Animaginaryverticalplaneplacedbetweenanobjectandthepersonviewingit,representingthedivisionbetweentheportrayedspaceandtheviewer.
Groundline(orbaseline)|Ahorizontallineonthegroundorflooratthebaseofthepictureplane.
Horizonline(oreyelevel)|Ahorizontallinerepresentingtheeyeleveloftheviewer.Establishingthisreferencepointiscrucialtocreatingrealisticart,especiallywhereperspectiveissuesarepredominant.Theplacementofthislineonthepaperorcanvasisalsoanimportantinitialconsiderationforcomposition.
Groundplane|Thesurfaceuponwhichobjectsareplaced.
Stationpoint(orvantagepoint)|Theintendedpositionoftheviewer’seyeasthepaintingisobserved.
Pointofsight(orthecenterofvision)|Thepointonthehorizonlinedirectlyinfrontoftheviewer,correspondingtothevanishingpointinone-point
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perspective.Thispointisusuallyplottedbytheartistonthepaperorcanvasforreference.
Vanishingpoint|Thepointorpointsonthehorizonwhererecedingparallellinesappeartoconverge.
Orthogonals|Inlinearperspective,diagonallinesthatcanbedrawnalongrecedingparallellinestothevanishingpoint.
Theconeofvision
Thisillustrationshowshowwetypicallyunderstandtheopticconeofhumanvision.Wehavea60-degreearcofinclusivenessinourvision,whichextendsbothtothesideandupanddown.Theareaoutsideoftheconeisconsideredperipheralvision.
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Theopticconeinastreetscene
Thissketchsuggestshowmuchatypicalvisualconewouldincludeinastreetscene.Thesmallerthespace,thesmallerthevisualconeareawillbe.Theinsideofaroomwouldhaveasmallervisualcone,butaswegooutside,asshownhere,thespaceexpands.
One-pointperspective|Linearperspectivewherealltheparallellinesappeartorecedetoasinglevanishingpoint.Examplesofabsoluteone-pointperspectiveareelusiveandusuallydon’tadheretotheperfectmodel;aslightshiftfromadirectfrontalviewofabuildinginascenewillrevealothervanishingpoints.
Two-pointperspective|Linearperspectivewherealltheparallellinesappeartorecedetotwovanishingpoints,whichinpaintingsarealmostalwayslocatedoff
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thepaperorcanvas.Two-pointperspectiveiseasilyobservedwhenstandingatanangletoabuilding(seetheLinearPerspectivesection).
Three-pointperspective|Linearperspectiveinwhichallparallellinesappeartorecedetotwovanishingpointsonthehorizonandalsoathirdpointfaraboveorfarbelow.Thisiseasilyvisualizedbyimaginingyourvantagepointtobeatthecornerofatallskyscraper,withtheparallellinesdiminishingskywardaswellastotheleftandright.
Foreshortening|Shorteningthelinesofanobject,therebydistortingitsshape,inordertocreatetheillusionofthatobjectrecedingintospace.Forexample,anyperfectcircleinarealisticscenewouldbedepictedasanellipsis.
CLOUDSOVERCAYUGAOiloncanvas.12"×48"(30cm×122cm)CollectionofRichBenson,Ithaca,NY
Foreshortening
Inthispainting,thetraincarsareviewedfromananglethatincorporatesforeshortening.Wealsoseeanexpansionuponwhatisnormallyseenwithinouropticcone.Thepanoramicorwideviewpresentedherewouldrequireturningyourheadtotheleftandrighttotakeinthesceneasshowninthispainting.
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LinearPerspectiveAknowledgeofperspectiveisanecessaryandvaluabletooltounderstandanduseinyourworktoassistincreatingrealisticimages,especiallywhenbuildingsareinvolved.However,perspectivecomesintoplayinmanyotherwayswhenthereisnoarchitectureshown—forexample,ingettingfieldstoappeartohavetherightdepthandlayflatintheplanedepicted,withthecorrectangles.Understandingthemanyaspectsofperspectivecanberewardingand
beneficialtoaugmentingtheappealofrealisminyourwork.But,Idon’tbelieveitisnecessarytobemathematicallyrigid(especiallyforpleinairwork),asonewouldseeinamechanicaldrawing.Understandingsomeofthebasics,however,isrequired.Knowingabouteyelevel,orthogonals,vanishingpointsandatmospherewillprovideyouwithsomeessentialstartingpoints,andwithpracticeatobservingandthendrawingandpainting,youwillgraduallybecomemoreproficientandseeimprovedresultsinyourwork.
Lookingatasceneinperspective
Illustratedareseveralofthetermsdefinedonthepreviouspages.Thefrontedgeofthecubeisbuttingupagainstthepictureplaneandonthebaseline;hereitisseenfromabove.Ourvantagepointisevenaboveandbehindourmodelviewer
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shown.Becauseweareabovehim,hisheadisnotalignedwiththeeyelevel/horizon,butfromhisposition,thehorizonisalwaysateyelevel.Thinkofthepictureplaneasanimaginarytransparentsheetbehindwhichalltheobjectsareplaced.Ourspaceisinfrontofthepictureplane;alltheobjectsinagivenscenearebehindthisimaginaryplane.
LOADINGSPACKLE—LAMBERTVILLE,NJOiloncanvas.10"×30"(25cm×76cm)Privatecollection,Lambertville,NJ
One-pointperspective
Thisstreetscenepaintingemploysone-pointperspective.Thepointofsightandvanishingpointcoincideattheendofthestreet,withorthogonals(perspectivelines),suchasstreetcurbsandbuildinglines,convergingthere.Inthispainting,thewide-anglereferencephotosIusedstretchedthestandard60-degreeareathatistypicallyvisibletous,thusextendingtheopticcone,orconeofvision.
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GOATSPLAYINGASHOODORNAMENTSANDWEATHERVANESOilonlinen.32"×40"(81cm×102cm)CollectionofWoodyWoodland,NorthRiver,NY
Two-pointperspective
Inthisexampleofstandardtwo-pointperspective—bestobservedwhenlookingatbuildingsfromanangle—alltheorthogonalsconvergeatthetwoeye-levelvanishingpoints,locatedoffthecanvastotheleftandright.Combininggoatswithasmall-townsettingappealedtomysenseofthe
irrational,andthenon-sequitur-likeaspecttheypresented.Ihaveheardthatclimbingoncarsisafeatsure-footedgoatscaneasilydo,muchtotheconsternationoftheirowners.Thisscenewasimaginedbutinspiredbythewell-manicuredsettingsofthenortheasternUnitedStates.
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manicuredsettingsofthenortheasternUnitedStates.
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VIGNOLAVIEW,BARGAPastelonpaper.28"×18"(71cm×46cm)
Three-pointperspective
Myvantagepointhereisfromabove,allowingaslightthree-pointperspective.I
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Myvantagepointhereisfromabove,allowingaslightthree-pointperspective.Iusuallytendtominimizethethirddownwardorupwardvanishingpointtokeeptheverticallinesparallel(moreorless)tothesidesofthecanvasorpaper.Buthere,asweareabovethegardenandhouse,allthelinesofthepostsandthesidesofthehousecouldbeslantedinsuchawayastoleaddowntothethirdvanishingpointatthebottom.Theconceptofthree-pointperspectiveisusuallybestunderstoodbystanding
atacitycornerandlookinguptowardthetopofaskyscraperwhilebeingabletoseedownastreettoyourrightandleftaswell,observingorthogonalsineachdirectionrecedingtowardthreevanishingpoints.
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DecidingtheEyeLevelWewanttocreateaninterplayofeffectiveintervalsbetweenobjectsanddivisionsofspacewithinourpaintings,andthefirstoneofthesedivisionstodetermineisthehorizontaldivisionmadebytheeyelevelplacement.Determiningtheeyelevel(orhorizonline)foryourcompositionwillgreatlyaffectyourfinalpainting.Forexample,thetwopaintingsofRomeshownonthispageandthenextdepictthesameareaalongtheTiberRiver,butasseenfromtwodifferentanglesandattwodifferenttimesofday,withtheeyelevelsignificantlydifferentineach.(Youcanseeavideoofeachpaintinginprogressatbriankeeler.com.)Justbyconsideringasimplebutfundamentalconceptofwheretheeyelevelisplaced,wecanopenupmanyoptionsandcreativepossibilities.Beforeyoucanfactortheeyelevelsuccessfullyintoawork,youneedtobe
abletofinditinthesceneyouareabouttopaint.Withaviewthatincludesbuildings,oneeasywaytofindtheeyelevelistosimplylookforthelinesthatarehorizontal.Inalandscapewithallorganicshapesandobjects,thetaskismorechallenging,butelementssuchasfieldsandroadsorrockscanassistinthediscovery.Onceyouhavedeterminedwheretheeyelevelisinthesceneinfrontofyou,
youmustdecidewheretoplaceitonyourcanvasorpaper.OftenIseestudentsautomaticallyploptheeyelevelsmackinthemiddle,dividingthecanvasinhalfhorizontally.ThisworkedforLeonardodaVinciinhispaintingoftheLastSupper,wherehepositionedtheeyelevelinthemiddle,withalltheorthogonalsconvergingatthecenterintheheadofChrist.Forusmeremortals,however,itisbettertocreateamoreinterestinganddynamicdivisionofspacebyraisingorloweringtheeyelevelsoit’snotaperfectdivision.
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CASTELSANT’ANGELO,ROMEOilonlinen.24"×26"(61cm×66cm)
Letwhatyouwanttoemphasizehelpdecidetheeyelevel
ThisworkwasdoneonthepromenadealongtheeastbankoftheTiberinRome,lookingupstreamtowardtheCastelSant’Angelo.Thepaintingwascompletedmostlyonlocationbutwithdetailslikethesculleraddedlater.WhenIfirstcameuponthisviewonemorning,itwastheplayoflightandreflectionsintheriverthatIfoundengaging.Consequently,Ineededmorespaceatthebottom.Theeyelevelhasbeenplacedjustenoughabovethehalfwaypointofthecanvastobe
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levelhasbeenplacedjustenoughabovethehalfwaypointofthecanvastobeappreciatedasanunequaldivision.However,thebridge,PonteVittorioEmanueleII,andCastelSant’Angeloatthetopallbecometheareastowhichoureyeisledtoandthrough.Thescullerontheriverontheleftisalsoheadingupstreamandintothepainting.Heservestounderscorethedirectionalmomentumoftheperspective.
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ST.ANGELOSUNSET,ROMEOilonlinen.24"×26"(61cm×66cm)
Openspacesharpensthefocus
Thispaintingwasstartedlateintheafternoon.Iplottedwherethesunwaseventuallygoingtosetandplannedthepaintingaccordingly.Thecloudswereinventedbutbasedonpreviousobservations.Inthisoil,Ihaveplacedtheeyelevelquitelow,aboutone-quarterupfromthebottom.Theskyandcloudsareanimportantpartofthiswork,butasbackground.Theextendedareaofskyservestobringoutthecityevenmoreso.Largeareasofopenspacemakeforeffectivedesigns,astheyhelptoaccentuatetheobjectsintheotherareas.
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designs,astheyhelptoaccentuatetheobjectsintheotherareas.
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SUMMERRHYTHMSCAPE—WYALUSING,PAOilonlinen.52"×48"(132cm×122cm)Privatecollection,Doylestown,PA
Aviewfromuphigh
Thisviewisfromanoverlookthataffordsthevieweravantagepointsimilartowhatabirdmightsee,witharatherextremeforeshorteningontheobjectsbelow.InthisworkitwastheplayofafternoonlightontherollingfieldsthatIwantedtobringout.Thereforetheeyelevelneededtobeplacedveryhighonthe
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wantedtobringout.Thereforetheeyelevelneededtobeplacedveryhighonthecanvas—runninghorizontallythroughthevariousslantingmountains—toincludetheexpanseofthelandscape.Thisscenecouldalsobedepictedwiththeeyelevelplacedwayatthebottomofthecanvas,butallthefieldswouldbeeliminated,therebyopeninguptheskytoapossiblecloudstudy.
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AnalyzingAngles&TheirRelationshipsEvenifyoudonotbringouttheanglesobservedinascene,orchoosenottoexaggeratetheminapainting,itisimportanttolearnhowtoanalyzeanglesandtheirrelationshipstoeachother.Thisskillisinvaluableinportrayinganyrealisticsubject.Establishingperfectverticalsandhorizontalswithacrossdrawnonthecanvas
(whichbisectsthecanvaseachway)willhelpyouanalyzealltheangleswithinascene.Whenlookingatthesubject,simplyuseabrushorpencilhelduptoanygivenshapetodeterminehowmuchdeviationthereisfromtheperfecthorizontalorvertical,andyoucanapplythesamedeviationtoyourdrawing.Whenworkingfromlife,theuseofplumblines—imaginarylinescomingeitherverticallyorhorizontallyfromanygivenobject—canalsohelpyouaccuratelyplacethekeyfeaturesofanysubject.Thesideofthecanvaswhensetontheeasel,ifitisperfectlyvertical,mayalsoserveasaguide,muchasthedrawncrossdoes.Stressinganglesbringsoutacertainclarityinascene.However,onecan
choosetominimizetheexpressionofangularity,eventhoughitisperceivedandrealized.Theunderstatingandsofteningofanglesleadstoamorefeminine,roundedquality,withconvexformsemphasized.
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Angularemphasis
Thisdrawingoverlayonablack-and-whiteimageofthepaintingshowshowappraisingandexpressinganglescanberealized.Thecompassattheleftservesasaguideindetermininghowmuchdeviationfromaperfecthorizontalorverticalthereisinanygivenangle.Inthepainting,therewasapurposefulefforttoemphasizetheanglesinthefigureandinthefoldsofthesheet.
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MEGANWITHGOLDENSHEETSOiloncanvas.36"×48"(91cm×122cm)CollectionofPeteandKathiBovine,Southport,NC
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AerialPerspectiveTheuseofaerialperspectiveinalandscapeisamarvelouswaytosupplementthedepictionofspace.Thephenomenaofmountainsanddistantobjectstodecreaseinvalue(lighten)andcrispnessandtobecomemorebluishorhazyhaslongbeenobservedandincorporatedintoart.AerialperspectiveinartisevidentasfarbackasancientfrescopaintingsfromPompeii.Theobservedeffectsofatmosphereinthelandscape,however,gainedpopularityintheRenaissancewithLeonardodaVinci,andthedepictionofatmospherichazewasknownthereafterassfumato.Thegeneralprocessistoshowtheeffectsofairbymutingthehuesandmakingthevalueslighterandlesscontrastingfortheobjectsfartherawayfromtheviewer.Toassistincreatingdepthinawork,keepthequalityofedgesinmind.The
generalruleofthumbistomaketheedgessofterinthedistanceandmoredefinedintheforeground.
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AUGUSTMORNING—STONINGTON,MAINEOiloncanvas.36"×36"(91cm×91cm)
Lesscontrastandintensityinthedistance
Linearperspectiveisatworkhere,aswellaselementsofaerialperspectiveintheatmosphereandbluishislandsinthedistance.Asthelayersofhillsorislandsatthehorizonrecedeintospaceorgotowardthepointwheretheskyandwatermeet,theygraduallygetlighterandgrayer,havinglesscontrastandlessintensity.
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lessintensity.
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ROADTOTHEVALLEY—HOMETSFERRY,PAOilonlinen.54"×60"(137cm×152cm)Progressivelylighterlayersofvalue
Theairatthistimeaftersunsetonawintereveninghasasofteningeffectontheland.Ihavereservedthedarkestdarksandthemostcontrastfortheroadandtreesintheforeground.Then,thebarn,treesandbalesinthemiddlegroundareblockedinwithdarktomiddlevalues.Aswemovefurtherintothepainting,thehillbeyondthebuildingsisdepictedwithbluishgray,wherethevaluesaredistinctlylighter.Theneachlayerofmountainbeyondcontinuestobeportrayed
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withlighteroverallvalue.
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GainingNewInspirationFromaFamiliarLocationIsometimesspeculatethat80percentofcreatingalandscapepaintingconsistsofactivelylookingfortherightspot.Sometimesithappensthroughachancediscovery,butmoreoftenittakesaconcertedeffort.So,whenIcanreturntoadependableview,itmakesthingsatadeasier.Tointerpretthesamelocationmorethanonceisawonderfulwaytoprimeour
creativityorstretchourcapacitytofindnewapproaches.Justchangingourvantagepointwillintroducenewpossibilities,anditwillbeuptoustoevokeorcoaxoutthebeautyandintrigue.Changingthetimeofdayisonegoodwaytoobtainanentirelynewwork
fromthesamescene.Revisitingasceneinthemorning,afternoonornighttimecanrevealmanynewaspectstothesamescene.Changingtheseasonshownisanotherwaytoalterthesceneandanopportunitytomodifyourimpression.Changingthelightingconditionsisanotherwaytoportrayascenedifferently.Forexample,incorporatingdarkstormcloudswithdramaticsunlightstreamingthrough,orvisualizingthesamesceneunderblueskieswilloffertwointerestingoptionstoexplore.I’vepaintedthisparticularstretchofroadinPennsylvania(nearWyalusing)
perhapsadozentimesormore.Itpresentsawonderfulvistawithinfinitepossibilities.Here,wewillcomparethreedifferentinterpretationsofthislandscape.
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SUMMERLIGHTTHROUGHTREES—HOMETSFERRY,PAOiloncanvas.30"×60"(76cm×152cm)CollectionofLindaGraves,Ithaca,NY
Conveyingthelastlightraysofasummerday
Inthiswork,thelightwasvisualizedasitmayhavebeen.Myprimaryinterestwastoconveythesummerlightasthefinalraysofthedayilluminatedthelandwithawarmthandglow.Iusedlightandmidtonewarmcolorscontrastedwiththedarkandlesschromaticareasoftrees.Inthefields,theshadowareaswerealsokeptwarm,withYellowOchre,ChromiumOxideGreenandRawUmber.Theroadcontainsmorechromaticviolethuestocontrastwiththewarmhueselsewhere.Thehaybaleswereinventedtoaddinteresttotheforeground.Theyalsoadd
anotherleveltotheprogressionoftrees,house,roadandmountains,allleadingbackinspace.
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HOMETSFERRYAUTUMNEVENINGLIGHTOiloncanvas.30"×64"(76cm×163cm)diptych
Achangeofseasonandadramaticdyad
Thisviewleadsdownthesameroadasshowninthepreviousimage,butfartherdowninthevalley.Thediptychformatdrawsattentiontotheoverallcompositionanddistributionofshapes.Thelightisagainthesourceofinspiration;however,Iwantedtoconveythelightthroughanarrangementofcolorthatincorporatedtheoffsetcomplementsturquoiseandrust.Theorangeandrussetcolorsofthemassesoftreesarepairedagainstthemostlybluishgreenofthehillside.
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HOMETSFERRYWINTEREVENINGOilonpanel.22"×48"(56cm×122cm)
Arrangingcolorsandlinestopointthewaytothefocalpoint
Thiswinterviewshowsrowsofearthcomingupthroughthesnow,leadingtheeyeuptothehouseonthehorizon.Thesnowandfieldpatternsalsobringouttheslightlyrollingtopography.Thehigh-chromacoloraroundthesunandtreescontrastswiththegrayishwhiteofthesnowinshadowandthedormantochre/umbergrass,alongwiththehouseandotherbuildings,whichareallsupportingactorsthatleaduptothesun.
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OILDEMONSTRATION
SeasideSky:KeepingCloudsinPerspectiveThemaingoalinthisdemonstrationistounderstandhowlandandskycanbeportrayedtoworkinconcertwhileaugmentingtheoverallpictorialspace.Thecloudsbecomeanexerciseinperspective,andyouwillseehowtheyprovideatypeofcorollaryperspectivethatsupplementsthespatialrelationshipdescribedbylandandsea.
MaterialsSurface:Stretchedmedium-weavelinen,26"×30"(66cm×76cm)Paintcolors:BurntSienna•BurntUmber•CadmiumOrange•CadmiumRedLight•CeruleanBlue•ChromiumOxideGreen•CobaltBlue•NaplesYellow•PermanentRose•PhthaloGreen•PrussianBlue•RawUmber•UltramarineBlue•VenetianRed•White•YellowGreen(Utrecht)•YellowOchreOther:NeutralGrayacrylicpaint(Utrecht)
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MONHEGANOILSTUDYOilonpanel.14"×16"(36cm×41cm)
Oilstudy
ThispleinairstudywasdoneonlocationinMonhegan,apicturesqueislandoffthecoastofMainewheremanyotherartistshavesoughtthemuse,includingAmericanpaintersRobertHenri,WinslowHomer,RockwellKentandtheWyeths.Paintingonlocationallowsyoutoexperiencethescenedirectlyandgleanimportantimpressionsthatwouldnotcomefromphotosalone.
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STEP1:ShiftthefocustotheskyTintthesurfacewithNeutralGrayacrylicfirst.UseBurntUmberandsometimesBurntSiennatosketchintheimage.Imadesignificantchangesinthecompositionfromtheoriginalstudy,includingalteringtheeyeleveltobemuchloweronthepictureplane.Thedistributionofshapeshaschangedtomaketheskyandcloudsthemainemphasisinthepainting.Perspectivecomesintoplayinasignificantwaybecauseoftherooflinesofthehouses.
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STEP2:BlockintheskyandwaterBeginblockingintheskywiththinpassagesofbluearoundtheclouds,usingamixtureofUltramarineBlue,CobaltBlueandwhite.Forthewater,keepthevaluesdarker,usingPrussianBlue,UltramarineBlueandBurntUmber.Astheskynearsthehorizon,warmupthebluebyaddingCerulean
Blueasyoulightenwithwhite.Doasimilarprocesswiththewater,lighteningandwarmingasthewaterapproachesthehorizon.
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STEP3:DevelopthecloudsandtheforegroundStartarticulatingtheformofthecloudswithwhite.Intheclouds,IwilloftenaddsmallamountsofNaplesYellowtothelightareastocreateawarmertone,resultingfromthesun.Intheshadowareasoftheclouds,useequalbutsmallamountsofPhthaloGreenandPermanentRosemixedwithwhitetoproduceaneutralgray.Dependingonhowmuchofthegreenorroseisused,theresultingcolorwillbeeitherturquoise-likeormauve-like.PainttheforegroundgrasswithYellowOchre,YellowGreen(Utrecht)
andsomeNaplesYellow.Forthewarmerspots,useChromiumOxideGreenwithwhiteandYellowOchretoproduceawarmgreen.Whileaddingthecolorinmasses,developtheformofthehill.
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addingthecolorinmasses,developtheformofthehill.
MONHEGANSKYOilonlinen.26"×30"(66cm×76cm)
STEP4:AdddimensiontothecloudsandwaterBuildupthehighlightsinthecloudsandmodeltheirformwhiledoingsotogivethemathree-dimensional,sculptedquality.Addanotherlayerofpainttothesky,withdarkervaluesatthetop,usingCobaltBlueandUltramarineBluewithlesswhite.Astheskynearsthehorizon,lightenitwithwhiteandCeruleanBlue,whilesofteninganddiffusingtheedgewherethewaterandskymeet.Deepenthecontrastandadddetailsasyouworkalloverthepainting.
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Deepenthecontrastandadddetailsasyouworkalloverthepainting.Theredchimneyandtheshirtofthewomanreadingare“punchedup”atadbymakingthemmoreintensewithCadmiumRedLight,VenetianRedandwhite.Thechimneyineffectbecomesthebrightestnoteofcolorinthecomposition,withthewomantotheleftasortofcounterpointorsecondaryinterest.LightenandwarmthegreenhueoftheforegroundgrasswithNaplesYellowaddedtoChromiumOxideGreenandwhite.Developthebackgroundlandwithevenwarmercolors,usingYellowOchre,CadmiumOrangeandwhiteinthelightgrassyareas.Inthedarkerareasneartherocks,useRawUmber,BurntUmberandsomewhite.Makesuretomaintainanddefinetheareasofrockyterrain.Tohelpcreatespatialdepthinthewater,addhorizontalbandsoflightercolor.
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OILDEMONSTRATION
Cityscape:PerfectingStreetScenePerspectiveInthiscityscape,ourgoalsaretoshowthemeetingofnineteenth-centuryarchitectureandtoday,showingoldbuildingscontrastedinthereflectionsonamoderncar,whiledemonstratingone-pointperspective.Inthisscene,themiddaysunwasalsocreatinginterestingeffectsandbringingoutthegeometricdesignsofthebuildings,whichcontrastedwiththefluidcurvilinearreflectionsonthecar.
MaterialsSurface:Stretchedmedium-weavelinen,26"×30"(66cm×76cm)Paintcolors:AlizarinCrimson•BurntUmber•CeruleanBlue•ChromiumOxideGreen•CobaltBlue•NaplesYellow•PermanentRose•PhthaloGreen•PrussianBlue•UltramarineBlue•VenetianRed•White•YellowOchreOther:RawSiennaacrylicpaint
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STEP1:MindperspectiveasyousketchWorkingonacanvastintedwithRawSiennaacrylic,beginthedrawingwithBurntUmberpaint.Thedrawingstagehererequiresalotofworkandattentiontodetails.Thisisessentiallyone-pointperspective,withthevanishingpointindicatedwithan“X”abovethecar’sluggagerackonthepassengerside.
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STEP2:EstablishalighttostartStartthepaintingstagebyblockinginthelightofthebuildingontheright(IusedChromiumOxideGreen,NaplesYellowandwhitetoachievethedesiredhue).Alsobegintoworkonthesignage.Iparticularlyliketheslantoflightcomingthroughthedrugstoresign.
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STEP3:BlockinandmassthedarksStartblockingintheshadowareas.Thisscenelendsitselftopaintingbecauseofthenicedivisionoflightanddark.Itishelpfultotrytomassthedarkssotheyaremoreorlessconsistentinvalue.UseBurntUmberwithPhthaloGreenandsometimesVenetianRedtocreateasortoflow-chroma,evennondescriptshadow.Forshadows,sometimesweincreasetheintensityastheImpressionistswereknowntodo;atothertimes,asIdidhere,weexaggeratethemysterybykeepingthemlessdefined,withthinnerpaintandlessdetail.
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STEP4:StartthecarStarttoworkonthereflectedsurfaceofthecarintheforeground.Thepatternsofdistortedreflectionsinthecaraddtotheappealofthisimage.Useavarietyofblues,butkeepthemtoneddownorofminimizedintensity.Intheshadowarea,useUltramarineBluewithBurntUmberandperhapssomePrussianBlue.Inthelightareas,theblueisamixtureofCeruleanBlue,whiteandAlizarinCrimson.Inthewindshield,themauveisachievedbyaddingmoreAlizarinCrimsonorPermanentRose.
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STEP5:BegintheskyandstreetNowblockinthelargeareasoftheskyandthestreet.Whilepaintingthese,itisimportanttokeepinmindthevaluerelationships,determiningwhatislightagainstdarkordarkagainstlight.Forthesky,useCobaltBlue,CeruleanBlue,UltramarineBlueandwhiteinvaryingdegrees.Thestreetissunlitandlightinvalue,awarmgraycomprisedofwhite,BurntUmber,ChromiumOxideGreenandYellowOchre.
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STEP6:WorkondetailsandbuildingcontrastBegindevelopingthewomanhailingthecabandarticulatingdetailsinthebuildingsandthecarintheforeground.Forthecar,addsomedarkeraccentsandincreasethechromaincertaincolors.Nowarticulatesomeofthedetailsofthereflectedbuildingsinthehood.Theorangeinthehoodofthecarinstep5wasstilltheundercoatshowingthrough,andhereIhavepaintedthisarea.Thesteeringwheelremainsasthetintedundercoatandserveswellasitis,withonlyminoradditions.Pushthehighlights,addingglintsinthemirrorandthetrimofthecar.Theskyhashadseverallayersofpigmentadded,andatthisstage
youwanttomovetoacoolerblue,whichmeansaddingmore
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UltramarineBluewhiledarkeningthevalueatthetop.DarkenthebuildingontherightusingBurntUmberandperhapssomeVenetianRed.
HAILINGTHECABOilonlinen.26"×30"(66cm×76cm)
STEP7:BringtheformstofruitionInthisfinalstage,continuetodevelopdetailsandmodelform.Addsomecolortothecabsinthebackgroundandinterjectsomelavender-likecolorsintothepavement.MakethesidewalkontherightdarkerandcoolerwithUltramarineBlueandBurntUmber,tocontrastitwiththesunlitstreet.
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sunlitstreet.OneofthechallengesofthispaintingwasthatIwasusingtwo
referencesthatwerenotincompleteagreement.Thisnecessitatedmanipulatingandinventingtheperspectiveinthecarinordertogettheorthogonalstoleadtowardthevanishingpoint.Thereissomewhatofadistortioncausedbythewide-anglelensusedforthephotoreference,whichinthiscasewarpsandmakestheperspectivelinescurvilinear.
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DedicationToHoneychurch.
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AcknowledgmentsTherearemanypeopletothankforseeingthisbookcometofruition.Therewereseveraleditorswholookedoverearlydraftsofsomeofthetext,andtheirhonestinputwasessentialtoforgingahead.TheseeditorswhopatientlyofferedtheirexpertiseincludeElissaWolfson,HilaryLaneandLindaGraves.TheeditorsatNorthLightBooksaretobepraisedaswell;intheearlystagestheseeditorsincludedVanessaWeilandandMaryBostic,whokepttheprojectgoing.ScottBallardalsoworkedwithmeovermanyyears,compilingimagesandtextinseveralearlydrafts,andwithouthistechnicalknow-howandcomputerskills,thisbookwouldnotbepossible.Toseetheprojectreallycometolife,however,thefinaleditoratNorthLightBooks,StefanieLaufersweiler,providedthepolishandfinessetofine-tunethemanuscriptandoverallconceptintoonethatwouldreachandcommunicatewithartstudentsandthegeneralpublic.
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AboutAuthor
Paintingonthego
ThephotoshowshowIuseaportableSoltekeaselandvarioussuppliesforoilpainting,whichallfitontherackofmybicycle.Iusuallytaketwoelongated-rectanglepanelsofthesamesizeandtwomatchingoff-squarepanelstooffertheoptionoftwodifferentformats.Then,attheendofthepaintingsession,thewetpanelisplacedagainstthebackoftheunusedpanelforthereturntrip.
ExpressinganddescribingthebeautyoflighthasbeenthefocusofBrianKeeler’scareerinpainting,whichincludeslandscape,thefigure,portraits,stilllifeandallegoricalwork.Depictingthe“topographyoflight”isthewayhelikestodescribethisprocess,asthisphrasecommunicatesthewaylightplaysacross
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formsinthemultifacetedexpressionsofboththelightandthesubjects.Inacertainsense,however,thelightactuallybecomesthesubjectforBrian,andthesceneordepictiontakesonasecondaryorsupportingrole.Heoftenchoosesthegoldenhourasthetimeforportrayingthemotifsheselects,asthislateafternoonorearlymorninglightaccentuatesthedramaofanygivenscene.Hisfigurativepaintingandothergenresalsoincorporateamarvelousappreciationforthewaylightcanrevealtheworldtous.Amongotherartists,patronsandthegeneralpublic,Brianisknownasa
colorist,asitisthequalityofhiscolorthatisoneofthememorableaspectsofhiswell-craftedworks.Hisartalsocombinesauniquesenseofcomposition,proportionalharmoniesanddraftsmanship,ashisoilpaintings,pastelsandwatercolorsshowanorchestrationoftheoverallrelationships.Briancombinestheseaestheticsoflightandstructuralcompositional
dynamicsinhisworkandinhisteachingandwriting,asheshareshisloveforpaintinginworkshopsintheUnitedStatesandabroad,mostnotablyinfigurepaintingandpleinaircoursestaughtinItaly.HehasbecomeapassionatestudentoftheItalianRenaissanceoverhismorethantwentyyearsofteachingandtravelinginItaly,sharingthesearthistoryinsightsinslidelecturesaswellasincorporatingsomeaspectsoftheclassicsintohisownallegoricalworks.BrianKeeleristhesonofaSundaypainterandnewspapereditor,thelate
WilliamW.Keeler,whomhecreditsforsparkinghisinitialinterestinart.BrianreceivedhisearlytrainingatasmallartschoolinsouthernPennsylvania,YorkAcademyofArts.Hispaintings,whichhavebeenfeaturedinAmericanArtistmagazine,havereceivednumerousawardsoveralongandproductivecareer,andhisworkisfeaturedinnumerousprivate,business,corporateandmuseumcollections.BrianlivesinIthaca,NewYork,andmaintainsastudioinhishometownofWyalusing,Pennsylvania,wherehefoundedtheBlueHeronArtGallery.InPennsylvania,hisworkhasbeenrepresentedattheLauraCraigGalleryinScrantonandtheRodgerLaPelleGalleriesinPhiladelphia,andin
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NewYork,theWestEndGalleryinCorningandtheTitusGalleryinIthaca.Visithiswebsiteatbriankeeler.com.
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CopyrightDramaticColorintheLandscape.Copyright©2014byBrianKeeler.Allrightsreserved.NopartofthiseBookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeansincludinginformationstorageandretrievalsystemswithoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquotebriefpassagesinareview.PublishedbyNorthLightBooks,animprintofF+WMedia,Inc.,10151CarverRoad,Suite200,BlueAsh,OH45242.(800)289-0963.FirstEdition.
OtherfineNorthLightproductsareavailablefromyourlocalbookstore,artsupplystoreoronlinesupplier.Visitourwebsiteatfwmedia.com.
eISBN:9781440329388
Thise-bookedition:March2014(v.1.0)