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DrillDrill1.What are some differences between the
liquids used in the investigation?
2.Using the terms isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic, explain the changes in mass of the 2 eggs.
3.Would you expect the same results if you used eggs that were still in their shells?
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-Introduction: Respiration
-Midterms: 5 minutes
Objectives
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Photosynthesis and Photosynthesis and Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
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Outline
I. Cellular Respiration
A. Introduction
B. Reactions (Anaerobic and Aerobic)
II. Photosynthesis
A. Introduction
B. Reactions
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Pick a color
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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What is ATP?
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-Adenosine Triphosphate-Energy used by all cells-Organic molecules containing high-energy phosphate bonds
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HYDROLYSIS (Adding HHYDROLYSIS (Adding H22O)O)
H2O
Copyright CmassengaleCopyright Cmassengale
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Break bonds…..ENERGY!Break bonds…..ENERGY!
An Enzyme!An Enzyme!
Copyright CmassengaleCopyright Cmassengale
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Remaking ATPRemaking ATP
ATP Synthetase-ATP Synthetase-
an enzyme that builds ATP from ADPan enzyme that builds ATP from ADP
Copyright CmassengaleCopyright Cmassengale
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The ADP-ATP CycleThe ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP-aseATP-aseATP ATP SynthetaseSynthetase
Copyright CmassengaleCopyright Cmassengale
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Homework due 1/24/2012Homework due 1/24/2012
Read pages 221-225
Complete questions on page 237:#1-6, 10, 12-15
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Structure of a MitochondriaStructure of a Mitochondria
Inner membraneInner membrane Composed of folds or Composed of folds or
shelves called shelves called cristae.cristae. The electron transport The electron transport
chain occurs along the chain occurs along the cristae.cristae.
Outer membraneOuter membrane Intermembrane spaceIntermembrane space
Gel filled space between Gel filled space between the outer and inner the outer and inner membranemembrane
MatrixMatrix Gel-like fluid inside the Gel-like fluid inside the
inner membraneinner membrane
Inner membraneInner membrane Composed of folds or Composed of folds or
shelves called shelves called cristae.cristae. The electron transport The electron transport
chain occurs along the chain occurs along the cristae.cristae.
Outer membraneOuter membrane Intermembrane spaceIntermembrane space
Gel filled space between Gel filled space between the outer and inner the outer and inner membranemembrane
MatrixMatrix Gel-like fluid inside the Gel-like fluid inside the
inner membraneinner membrane
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Cell RespirationCell Respiration
Occurs in Cytoplasm
Occurs in Matrix
Occurs across Cristae
Copyright CmassengaleCopyright Cmassengale
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Glycolysis
To the electron transport chain
2 ADP2 ATP2 ATP
Glucose
2 molecules of pyruvate
2 molecules of G3P
2 ADP 2 ATP2 ATP
2 ADP2 ATP2 ATP
NAD+NADHNADH
NAD+ NADHNADH
Occurs in the cytoplasm• Begins both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.• A 10 step process.
Requires an input of energy to initiate the reaction.
Adapted from Glycolysis © Pearson Education, Inc.
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An overview of cellular respiration
Figure 9.6
Electronscarried
via NADH
GlycolsisGlucose Pyruvate
ATP
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
Electrons carried via NADH and
FADH2
Citric acid cycle
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
ATPATP
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
Oxidativephosphorylation
MitochondrionCytosol
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When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose, a 6-carbon
sugar
1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run?
2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel?
3. Have you ever had a stomach cramp while exercising? Think about what was happening when that occurred.
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GlycolysisGlycolysis
To the electron transport chain
2 ADP2 ATP2 ATP
Glucose
2 molecules of pyruvate
2 molecules of G3P
2 ADP 2 ATP2 ATP
2 ADP2 ATP2 ATP
NAD+ NADHNADH
NAD+ NADHNADH
Occurs in the cytoplasm• Begins both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.• A 10 step process.
Requires an input of energy to initiate the reaction.
Adapted from Glycolysis © Pearson Education, Inc.
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Cellular Respiration: GLYCOLYSIS
– Reactions to hydrolyze a 6-C glucose molecule into two 3-C molecules called pyruvate/pyruvic acid
– All organisms from simple bacteria to humans perform it the same way
– Cytoplasm & Anaerobic
*Input: 2 ATP molecules
*Yield: 2 ATP molecules/ glucose molecule
*Yield: 2 NADH/ glucose molecule
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•Produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP•Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO2 is removed
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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Some organisms thrive in little or no oxygen– Marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds
No more ATP:
final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis.
Produces: ethanol and CO2 (single cell fungi (yeast)
in beer/bread) or lactic acid (muscle cells)
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FermentationFermentation
Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol)
Nets only 2 ATPCopyright CmassengaleCopyright Cmassengale
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Fermentation
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LAB
Review Lab Procedure Pre-lab questions Lab Lab Report.
http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/Photography/Images/POD/m/micro-yeast-522314-sw.jpg
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WHIP AROUNDStand up with a partner, back to back,
with both individuals easily viewing the board
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True or FalseTrue or False
Glucose and oxygen are the reactants Glucose and oxygen are the reactants of cellular respirationof cellular respiration
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True or FalseTrue or False
Photosynthesis takes place in the Photosynthesis takes place in the mitochondrial matrixmitochondrial matrix
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True or FalseTrue or False
Fermentation yields only 2 ATPFermentation yields only 2 ATP
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True or FalseTrue or False
The Krebs cycle yields 2 pyruvic acidThe Krebs cycle yields 2 pyruvic acid
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True or FalseTrue or False
Aerobic respiration is the most Aerobic respiration is the most efficient manner of energy productionefficient manner of energy production
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1.When ATP is recharged, that means that a ___________ is being added onto _______.
2.When ATP is spent or used, that means that a ___________ is taken off of ______ _.
3. _________can be compared to a fully-charged battery_________can be compared to a run-down battery.
4. Energy is stored for use by cells in ATP molecules. What is the source of that energy?
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Wednesday February 2, 2011
1) Review and collect yeast problem2) Aerobic respiration-Krebs cycle3) Quiz: Monday4) HW: posted online
Read pg 220-227pg 237 q. 1-10, 12-13-14-15
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Oxygen required=aerobicOxygen required=aerobic 2 more sets of reactions which occur in a 2 more sets of reactions which occur in a
specialized structure within the cell called the specialized structure within the cell called the mitochondriamitochondria 1. Kreb’s Cycle1. Kreb’s Cycle 2. Electron Transport Chain2. Electron Transport Chain
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Kreb’s CycleKreb’s Cycle
Completes the breakdown of glucoseCompletes the breakdown of glucose Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it down, Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it down,
the carbon and oxygen atoms end up in COthe carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO22 and H and H22OO Hydrogens and electrons are stripped and loaded onto Hydrogens and electrons are stripped and loaded onto
NADNAD++ and FAD to produce NADH and FADH2 and FAD to produce NADH and FADH2 Production of only 2 more ATPProduction of only 2 more ATP but loads up but loads up
the coenzymes with Hthe coenzymes with H++ and electrons which and electrons which move to the 3move to the 3rdrd stage stage
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Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle
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Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain
Electron carriers loaded with electrons and Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this chain-like a series of steps (staircase).chain-like a series of steps (staircase).
As electrons drop down stairs, energy released As electrons drop down stairs, energy released to to form a total of 32 ATPform a total of 32 ATP
Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up electrons and protons and in doing so becomes electrons and protons and in doing so becomes water water
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Electron TransportElectron Transport
Figure 8.14 Electron transport occurs along the mitochondrial membrane.
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Energy TallyEnergy Tally
36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic
Glycolysis Glycolysis 2 ATP2 ATP
Kreb’s Kreb’s 2 ATP2 ATP
Electron TransportElectron Transport 32 ATP32 ATP 36 ATP36 ATP
Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbonare important for global recycling of carbon
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A Summary of GlycolysisA Summary of Glycolysis
ProcessProcess WhereWhere in the in the cell does this cell does this
process occur?process occur?
What are the What are the reactantsreactants of of this process?this process?
What are the What are the products products of this of this
process?process?
How many How many ATPATP are generated?are generated?
Glycolysis Net of Net of 2 ATP2 ATP
2 ADP2 ADP4 ATP4 ATP2 NADH2 NADH2 pyruvate2 pyruvate
Glucose (C6H12O6)2 ATP4 ADP2 NAD+
Cytoplasm
4
4
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A Summary of the Krebs CycleA Summary of the Krebs Cycle
ProcessProcess WhereWhere in the in the cell does this cell does this
process occur?process occur?
What are the What are the reactantsreactants of of this process?this process?
What are the What are the products products of this of this
process?process?
How many How many ATPATP are generated?are generated?
Krebs Cycle 2 ATP2 ATP2 ATP2 ATP8 NADH8 NADH6 CO6 CO22
2 FADH2 FADH22
2 pyruvate2 ADP2 FAD8 NAD+
MitochondriaMatrix
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A Summary of Electron TransportA Summary of Electron Transport
ProcessProcess WhereWhere in the in the cell does this cell does this
process occur?process occur?
What are the What are the reactantsreactants of of this process?this process?
What are the What are the products products of this of this
process?process?
How many How many ATPATP are generated?are generated?
Electron Transport
32 ATP32 ATP32 ATP32 ATP10 NAD10 NAD++
6 H6 H22OO
2 FAD2 FAD
2 FADH2
32 ADP10 NADH6 O2
Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria
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A Summary of Cellular RespirationA Summary of Cellular Respiration
ProcessProcess WhereWhere in the in the cell does this cell does this
process occur?process occur?
What are the What are the reactantsreactants of of this process?this process?
What are the What are the products products of this of this
process?process?
How many How many ATPATP are generated?are generated?
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle
Mitochondrial Matrix
Electron Transport
Inner Membrane of
the Mitochondria
32 ATP32 ATP10 NAD10 NAD++
6 H6 H22OO
2 FAD2 FAD
2 FADH2
32 ADP10 NADH6 O26 O2
GlucoseGlucose2 ADP2 NAD+
2 ATP2 ATP2 NADH2 NADH2 pyruvate2 pyruvate
2 pyruvate2 ADP2 FAD8 NAD+
2 ATP2 ATP8 NADH8 NADH6 CO6 CO22
2 FADH2 FADH22
++
++