![Page 1: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A
Comparative Policy Analysis
Gregory D. CarlsonNorth Dakota State University
![Page 2: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• This study is a policy analysis of dual credit policy in the states of Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana. Accompanying this analysis is a literature review addressing the fundamentals of policy analysis, state postsecondary education policy, postsecondary education finance, and state dual credit policies. Observations are provided regarding effective structure of state dual credit programs based upon analysis of these policies. Differences exist in among these states in program governance, funding, and eligibility.
Abstract
![Page 3: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Collaboration• Education opportunities• Program specifics vary by state • MN, ND, & MT dual credit policies• Literature Review: Dual Credit, Higher Education & Policy Analysis • Discussion: comparing policies & literature• Recommendations for dual credit policy
Introduction
![Page 4: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Policy variations include:
• College vs. K-12 control • Institutional latitude• Financial arrangements • Admissions criteria
• Enhance participation and effectiveness
Statement of the Problem
![Page 5: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Reasons for Dual Credit Policies:
◦Senior year academic rigor◦College preparation◦Transition◦Collaboration ◦Financial savings◦Student motivation(State Board of Community and Technical Colleges, 2006, p. 6)
Significance of the Problem
![Page 6: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dual Credit: “A program through which high school students are enrolled in Advanced Placement (AP) courses, taught at their high school, that fulfill high school graduation requirements and may earn the student college credits” (IPEDS, 2007).
Policy Analysis: a social and political activity◦moral & intellectual responsibility◦plan, budget, design, evaluate, and manage ◦transparency◦values◦public relations
Definition of Terms
![Page 7: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Dual Credit: • state postsecondary policy • postsecondary finance• state dual credit policies
• Administration: • political & bureaucratic
• Policy Analysis: • fundamentals• postsecondary application
Literature Review
![Page 8: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Economics keeps institutions alive Root of participation Funding: help first-generation and low-income Benefits to: families, cities, states, nation, & world Cultural, & political life Bridge socio-economic gaps Social mobility
Postsecondary Finance
![Page 9: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Access
Technology
Accountability
Efficiency
Investment
State Policy
![Page 10: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Community College-Secondary Relationships
Enhancing senior year & reducing time to degree
Little federal involvement
Quality, Consistency, & Portability
Part of pathway
Technology
K-16 Initiatives
State Dual Credit/Enrollment Policy
![Page 11: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Birnbaum (1988): Collegial (Consensus) Political (Peace) Bureaucratic (Rationality) Anarchical (Making Sense) Cybernetic (Balance)
Political: (Legislatures) Bureaucratic: (Agencies)
Postsecondary Administration
![Page 12: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Bargain, compromise, & reach agreements Dramatic circumstances required for drastic action Power Is fluid, requires coalition management Leaders: intuition, experience, & sense of situation Legislature: “a supercoalition of subcoalitions with
diverse interests, preferences, and goals” (p. 132). Groups “change, overlap, are created and fall apart”
(p. 140). Power is negotiated “Art of the possible” (p. 148) Individual & Group Interests
Political Institutions
![Page 13: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Coordination to accomplish large tasks Administration based on merit Hierarchical control system Legitimacy: stability, regularity, & performance Divide: labor, rights, & responsibilities Exist “in all parts of all institutions” (p. 118) Created by same processes
Bureaucratic Institutions
![Page 14: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
8 Steps (Bardach, 2005): Defining the problem Assembling the evidence Constructing the alternatives Selecting the criteria Projecting the outcomes Confront the trade-offs Decide Tell your story
Policy Analysis
![Page 15: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Deficit or Excess
Contributing Factors
Opportunities
Defining the Problem
![Page 16: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
End Game
Literature
Best Practices
Assembling the Evidence
![Page 17: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Comprehensive to Focused
Models ◦Market◦Production◦Evolutionary
Simplify
Design Problems◦Managing Cases◦Managing Arguments
Constructing the Alternatives
![Page 18: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Selecting the Criteria
![Page 19: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Scenarios
Projecting the Outcomes
![Page 20: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Outcomes
Compare
Simplify
Confront the Trade-Offs
![Page 21: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
“Twenty-Dollar Bill Test”
Decide
![Page 22: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
“Grandma Bessie Test”
“What’s the answer?”
Consider the Audience
Tell Your Story
![Page 23: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Procedures in Bardach (2005)
• Birnbaum (1988): Political & Bureaucratic
• Examples can provide guidance
• MN, ND, and MT
• MN and ND: proximity, history, & design
• MT: proximity, structure, & faculty experience
Methodology and Procedures
![Page 24: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Minnesota: Office of the Revisor of Statutes (1985, 2008); Mazzoni, (1986); Mullin (1997); Nathan, Accomando, & Fitzpatrick (2005)
North Dakota: Century Code (2008); Legislative Assembly (2009); NDUS (2003, 2005, 2007); Decker (2006)
Montana: State of Montana (2001); Office of Public Instruction (2006); Moe (2007a, 2007b); Office of the Commissioner of Higher Education (2009)
Data Collection
![Page 25: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Criteria:
◦State vs. Institutional Control
◦K-12 vs. Postsecondary Control
◦Access
◦Funding Considerations
◦Licensure Requirements
Data Analysis
![Page 26: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1985: Postsecondary Enrollment Options Act Gov. Rudy Perpich and Rep. Connie Levi Open-enrollment debate Grades 11 & 12: college courses FT or PT Tuition & book funds follow students
Purposes:◦Rigorous academic pursuits◦More academic options
Postsecondary Enrollment Options Act in Minnesota
http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=8542&subchannel=null&sc2=null&sc3=null&contentid=536879490&contenttype=EDITORIAL&programid=9227&agency=NorthStar (9-23-2009)
![Page 27: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Information: Grades 10-11
College student services
Accelerated courses
92% continued education (Mullin, 1997: Porter, 2003)
$10.9 M. saved: tuition, fees, & books (Boswell, 2001)
Noted for cost, HS & college credit, & course variety
Areas for growth: males, minorities, & information
MN PSEO, Continued
http://www.leg.state.mn.us/ (9-23-2009)
![Page 28: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
1995: defeated PSEO: paying tuition from K-12 aid
PSEO (1997): DPI, NDUS, & Board of Voc. & Tech Ed.
College Courses: Grades 11 & 12
No licensure
Fees: students & parents
Postsecondary Enrollment Options Act in North Dakota
http://www.nd.gov/content.htm?parentCatID=74&id=State%20Flag (9-23-2009)
![Page 29: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Decker (2006):◦FINDET◦Enrollment increasing 1997-2004 (except -9
students in 2002-03)◦Above 3.0 GPA in NDUS
2009: HB 1273: Grade 10◦WSC 2009: 220 dual credit
students (185 in 2008)
PSEO in ND, Continued
http://www.nd.gov/fac/historyinfo/flowerbed.htm (9-23-2009)
![Page 30: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
2001: “Running Start”: Grades 11 & 12
Secondary-Postsecondary Partnerships
Tuition paid by students or district
P-20 Dual Credit Task Force (2006):◦High School & College Credit◦College syllabus & design◦State Coordination◦Reduced cost
Dual Credit in Montana
http://mt.gov/tourism.asp (9-23-2009)
![Page 31: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Moe (2007a, 2007b):◦Online◦Financial savings◦Degree completion in less time◦Students “get lost in the maze of interests” (2007b)
Board of Public Education ◦Class 8 Licensure (2008)
Dual Credit in MT, Continued
http://www.leg.mt.gov/css/default.asp (9-23-2009)
![Page 32: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
MN: (1985)Debate and robust participation
ND: (1997)2009: Grade 10
MT: (2001)2008: Class 8 License
Results
![Page 33: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Bardach (2005)
• Birnbaum (1988)
• MN: spirited debate, funding follows students, higher participation
• ND: agency support, student funded, Grades 10-12
• MT: K-12 role in availability, funding, and licensure
Discussion
![Page 34: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Common policy?
• MN & ND: Mandate
• ND: Funding?
• MN: Grade 10?
• MT: Access?
• MT resembling ND or MN?
Conclusions
![Page 35: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Technology to enhance access
Consider state policy guidance
Consider financial incentives
State data collection
Research on time to degree
Recommendations
![Page 36: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Consequences of Inaction
![Page 37: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Alternatives to Policy Analysis…
![Page 38: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ReferencesAndrews, H. A. (2004). Dual credit research outcomes for students. Community College Journal of Research &
Practice, 28, 5, pp. 415-22. Retrieved October 9, 2007, from Academic Search Premier Database. Andrews, H. A. (2001). The dual-credit phenomenon! Challenging secondary school students across 50 states.
Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press. Andrews, H. A. (2000). Lessons learned from current state and national dual-credit programs. New Directions for
Community Colleges, 2000, 111, pp. 31-9. Retrieved October 9, 2007, from Academic Search Premier Database.
Andrews, H. & Barnett, E. (2001). Dual credit/enrollment in Illinois: A status report. University of Illinois, Office of Community College Research and Leadership. Retrieved Wednesday, July 9, 2008, from ERIC Document Clearinghouse.
Andrews, H. A. & Davis, J. (2003). When high school is not enough. American School Board Journal, 190, 8, pp. 38-9. Retrieved October 9, 2007, from Academic Search Premier Database.
Bardach, E. (2005). A practical guide for policy analysis: The eightfold path to more effective problem solving. 2d ed. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
Birnbaum, R. (1988). How colleges work: the cybernetics of academic organization and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Boswell, K. (2001). State policy and postsecondary enrollment options: Creating seamless systems. New Directions for Community Colleges, 113, pp. 7-14.
Decker, A. K. (2006). North Dakota dual credit: Initial impact from 1997-2004. (Doctoral dissertation. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, N.D.).
Enrollment rises at Williston State College in North Dakota. (2009, September 25). Prairie Business. Girardi, A. G. & Stein, R. B. (2001). Chapter 8: State dual credit policy and its implications for community
colleges: Lessons from Missouri for the 21st century. pp. 149-172. In B. K. Townsend & S. B. Twombly, Eds. (2001). Community Colleges: Policy in the future context. Educational Policy for the 21st Century, Volume 2. B. A. Jones, Ed. Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.
Hoffman, N. (2005). Add and subtract: Dual enrollment as a state strategy to increase postsecondary success for underrepresented students. Boston, MA: Jobs for the Future. (Retrieved October 11, 2007, from ERIC Document Clearinghouse.
Hoffman, N., & Robins, A. (2005). Head start on college: Dual enrollment strategies in New England. Nellie Mae Education Foundation, Retrieved Wednesday, July 9, 2008, from Academic Search Premier Database.
Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Glossary. (Retrieved November 2, 2007, from http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/glossary/?charindex=D).
Kim, E., Kirby, C., & Bragg, D. D. (2006). Dual credit: Then and now. (Office of Community College Research and Leadership, Illinois University, Champaign) Retrieved October 9, 2007, from ERIC Document Clearinghouse.
Martinez, M. C. (2004). Postsecondary participation & state policy: Meeting the future demand. Stylus Higher Education Policy Series. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing.
Mazzoni, T. (1991). Analyzing state school policymaking: An arena model. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 13 (2), 115-138.
Mazzoni, T. (1986). Slipping by: How postsecondary options for Minnesota high school students were legislated. CURA Reporter, 16(5). Minneapolis: CURA, University of Minnesota.
Michael, S. O. (2005). Chapter 1. Financing higher education in a global market: A contextual background. In S. O. Michael & M. A. Kretovics (Eds.), Financing higher education in a global market. (pp. 3-32). New York: Algora Publishing.
Michael, S. O., & Kretovics, M. A. (2005). Chapter 2. Financing higher education in the United States of America: Strategies for the 21st century. In S. O. Michael & M. A. Kretovics (Eds.), Financing higher education in a global market. (pp. 33-70). New York: Algora Publishing.
Moe, M. (2007a, November 11). Dual-credit classes work; we should keep it that way. Retrieved January 1, 2008, from http://www.msugf.edu/campusnews.asp?articleid=214
Moe, M. (2007b, November 13). Dual-credit ‘lines in the sand’ create a maze for students. Retrieved January 1, 2008, from http://www.msugf.edu/campusnews.asp?articleid=215
Moja, T. (2003). Chapter 11: Policy analysis. pp. 169-181. In F. K. Stage and K. Manning, Eds. Research in the college context: Approaches and methods. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Mullin, D. L. (1997). A follow-up on students who took courses through the Minnesota postsecondary enrollment options program school choice, accelerated program, dual enrollment. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnesota). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 02A.
![Page 39: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
References, ContinuedMuseus, S. D., Lutovsky, B. R., & Colbeck, C. L. (2007). Access and equity in dual enrollment programs:
Implications for policy formation. Higher Education in Review, 4, 1-19. Retrieved September 1, 2009, from http://www.clubs.psu.edu/up/hesa/HER/v4/Museus_Dual.pdf
Nathan, J., Accomando, L., & Fitzpatrick, D. H. (2005). Stretching minds and resources: 20 years of post secondary enrollment options in Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, Hubert Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, Center for School Change. Retrieved April 15, 2009, from http://www.hhh.umn.edu/img/assets/10160/PSEO2005.pdf
North Dakota Century Code. (2008). Chapter 15.1-25: Postsecondary enrollment. Retrieved June 16, 2008, from http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t151c25.pdf
North Dakota Legislative Assembly. (2009). House Bill No. 1273. Retrieved April 14, 2009, from http://www.legis.nd.gov/assembly/61-2009/bill-text/JBEH0200.pdf
North Dakota Legislative Assembly. (2009). Measure actions: House Bill No. 1273. Retrieved April 14, 2009, from http://www.legis.nd.gov/assembly/61-2009/bill-actions/ba1273.html
North Dakota University System. (2007). North Dakota university system resource guide: 2007 legislative session. Bismarck, North Dakota. Retrieved July 9, 2008, from ERIC Document Clearinghouse.
North Dakota University System. (2005). North Dakota university system resource guide: 2005 legislative session. Bismarck, North Dakota. Retrieved July 9, 2008, from ERIC Document Clearinghouse.
North Dakota University System. (2003). North Dakota university system resource guide: 2003 legislative session. Bismarck, North Dakota. Retrieved July 9, 2008, from ERIC Document Clearinghouse.
Office of the Commissioner of Higher Education. (2009). Staff directory. Retrieved April 17, 2009, from http://mus.edu/che/che_staff.asp
Office of Public Instruction. (2006). P-20 Dual Credit Task Force Overview, 2004 – 2005. State of Montana. Retrieved April 15, 2009, from http://governor.mt.gov/boed/docs/dual_credit_task_force_overview_121406.pdf
Office of the Revisor of Statutes. (1985). Postsecondary enrollment options act. Laws of Minnesota 1985, 1st Special Session, Chapter 12, Article 5, Section 1. Retrieved December 16, 2008, from http://snipurl.com/8g7xt
Office of the Revisor of Statutes. (2008). 2008 Minnesota Statutes. 124D.09 Postsecondary enrollment options act. Retrieved December 16, 2008, from https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/statutes/?id=124D.09
Pasek, H. (9, March 2009). Class 8 (dual-credit) licensure. Montana State University-Great Falls College of Technology.
Radin, B. A. (2000). Beyond Machiavelli: Policy analysis comes of age. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press.
State of Montana. (2001). Montana Legislative History: Chapter 377, 2001, House Bill 265. Helena, MT: State Law Library of Montana. Received January 23, 2009.
State Board for Community and Technical Colleges. (2006). Running start: 2005-06 annual progress report. State of Washington. Retrieved Wednesday, July 9, 2008, from ERIC Document Clearinghouse.
![Page 40: Dual Credit in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana: A Comparative Policy Analysis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062310/5681672d550346895ddbcfa4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Gregory D. Carlson Graduate Research Assistant North Dakota State University [email protected]