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Dwight D.
Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Foreign Policy
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Relations with the Soviet Union
• Hungary rebellion
(1956)
• Soviets crush it
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Impact of John Foster Dulles• Secretary of State
• Replace “containment” with
“rollback”
– “push back” to pre-WWII levels
• Weapons
– Less for conventional
– More for nuclear
– “Massive retaliation”/Mutually
Assured Destruction (MAD)
• Use of CIA
• Peace through strength
• Arms race
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Alliances – more Collective
Security• U.S., South Korea, Taiwan
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
– U.S., Australia, Pakistan, Thailand, New
Zealand, Philippines, South Vietnam
• Allied with more “S.O.B.’s”
– Philippines, Cuba, Nicaragua, Iran,
Dominican Republic
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Role of CIA
• Allen Dulles (John Foster’s brother)
• Help overthrow communist leaning
governments
– Prime Minister of Iran in favor of
Shah (oil)
– Arbenz in Nicaragua (fruit)
– Sukarno in Indonesia (failed)
– Castro in Cuba (failed)
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Issues in the Middle East
• Main concern in the Middle East: oil
• Other issue: Israeli statehood
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Issues in the Middle East
• British controlled Palestine
• U.N. created Israel and Palestine
• Jerusalem under U.N. control
• WARS
– 1947: Israeli Statehood
• U.S. supports Israel
– 1956: Suez Crisis
• U.S. supports Egypt
• Eisenhower Doctrine
– Assist any Middle Eastern nation attempting
to stop communist aggression
– Involved in Jordan and Lebanon
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Issues in the Middle East
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Impact of the
Cold War• Nuclear testing and impact
• http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=JRS4CrFdXOk
• How to protect yourself
• http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=11EWuW_aWCI
• People tested (without
knowledge) on effects
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Impact of the Cold War
• Eisenhower attempted arms limits
• Geneva Summit (1955); met with
Khrushchev
– “Open skies” policy
– Worked on arms reduction treaty
• Second summit (1960)
– American U-2 plane shot down
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Impact of the Cold War
• Farewell Address (1961) warned
about “Military-Industrial” complex
• Concerns
– Military buildup too strong?
– Contractors too much influence?
– Economy too dependent on
military construction?
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Kennedy Foreign Policy
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Kennedy Foreign Policy
• Peace Corps
– Help developing countries
• Alliance for Progress
– $20 million (Latin
America)
• Cold War?
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Kennedy Presidency -- Foreign
• Accused Eisenhower of “missile gap”
• Wasn’t one but . . .
– Behind on conventional weapons
– Use special forces/small scale attacks
– Congress: spend on both
• Flexible Response
– Look at situation: determine best response
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Kennedy Presidency -- Foreign
• Met Khrushchev in
Vienna (1961)
– Went badly
– Cuba, Laos, and Berlin
– Kennedy tried to reason
– won’t do it again!
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Berlin Wall• Berlin – 1961
– Khrushchev builds wall
– Kennedy ramps up military
– Goes to Berlin
• Ich bin ein Berliner
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Cuban Missile Crisis
• Fulgencio Batista -- an SOB
• cruel dictator
• 1959: Fidel Castro led bloodless
coup
• Batista fled
• Castro promised
– Jobs
– Education
– medical care
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Cuban Missile Crisis
• Wanted US help; Eisenhower refused
• Nationalized American businesses
• Looked to Soviets for help
• Khrushchev happy to help
• U.S. – embargo sugar
– CIA
– Eisenhower: get rid of Castro (passed onto Kennedy)
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Cuban Missile Crisis
• Bay of Pigs invasion
• Plan:
– 1500 Cuban exiles
– U.S. air support
(cancelled)
• Met by entire Cuban
Army
• Within 72 hours all
dead or captured
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Cuban Missile Crisis
• Kennedy takes
responsibility (on TV)
• Castro: full invasion
• Soviet help: nukes in Cuba
• October 14, 1962: U2 spy
plane photographs sites
• Soviets can destroy most
of U.S. within an hour
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Cuban Missile Crisis• 13 DAYS
• October 14
– U-2 photographs missile sites
• October 22
– Kennedy warns nation; confronts Soviets
• October 24
– US quarantines Cuba; stops Soviet ships
• October 27
– U-2 spy plane shot down; pilot killed
• October 27
– Telegrams from Khrushchev to Kennedy wanting a deal
• October 28
– Soviets agree to remove missiles if US agrees to remove missiles from Turkey
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Cuban Missile Crisis
• RESULTS
• Castro firmly in power; wary of US
• Khrushchev looks weak (out by 1966)
• Kennedy looks strong
• Closest to nuclear war EVER
• Hotline with Soviet Union
• Limited Nuclear test ban treaty
• U.S. embargo on Cuba (repealed by Obama)
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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How are Cold War relations
impacting life in America?