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E = mc2
Opening Windows on the World
Young-Kee KimThe University of Chicago
Aspen Physics LectureAugust 17, 2005
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What is the world made of?What holds the world together?
Where did we come from?
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We need large tools to see small things!
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Accelerators are Tools.
PEP-II, SLAC, Palo Alto, USA
HERA, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
KEKb, KEK, Tsukuba, Japan
Tevatron,, Fermilab, Chicago, USA
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What is the world made of?
my cat Nah-Bee
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100 mm
Seeing it at 100 times smaller scale
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1 mm
pollen
Another 100 times smaller
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bacteria
0.01 mm
Another 100 times smaller
Optical Microscopeusing beam of light
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virus
0.0001 mm
Another 100 times smaller
Needed to change technology.
Electron Microscopeusing beam of particles
(small accelerator)
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Atoms in DNA
0.000001 mm
X Ray machine
Needed to change technology again.using beam of x-rays
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What are atoms made of? 1905 model
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Rutherford’s Experiment in 1909
particle
He expected:
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Rutherford’s Experiment in 1909
particle
He found:
size: Nucleus Fly Atom Cathedral
‘like a fly in a cathedral’
=
Led to new model of atom
particlenucleus
electron
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What is nucleus made of?
e
e
ee
e
e
Once glimpsed the fly in the cathedral,ached to know more, to catch it, examine it, dissect it!
a single fundamental particle? - many of them!
made of a smaller thing or smaller things?different nuclei = different quantities of ‘same’ small things
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1929
Ernest Lawrence(1901 - 1958)
Needed to change technology once again.
Tevatron at Fermilab, Chicagomillion times more energy
Today
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Accelerators are Powerful Microscopes.
because they make higher energy particle beamthat allows us to see smaller things.
seen byhigh energy beam(better resolution)
seen bylow energy beam
(poorer resolution)
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~90 years ago
electron
1100,000
of human hairthickness
up quarkdown quark
atom
nucleus protonneutron
110,000
~60 years ago
110
~40 years ago
1100,000
Present
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Everything is made of electrons, up quarks and down quarks.Who would have thought it was so simple?
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Are electrons, up and down quarks the smallest things?
Are they made of even smaller things?
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Accelerators are also Time Machines
particle beamanti-particle
Every “particle” has “anti-particle” partner.Same mass but opposite charge.
(Positron, anti-particle of electron, is used in PET Scan.)
target
because they make particles last seen in the earliest moments of the universe.
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Accelerators are also Time Machines
particle beam
energy
anti-particle beam
energyEnergy
Particle and anti-particle annihilate.
particle beam
energy
anti-particle beam
energy
E = mc2 Energy = Mass x (speed of light)2
top top
because they make particles last seen in the earliest moments of the universe.
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top quark
ZW
. . .
e e u d s c b
Mass proportional to area shown but all sizes still < 10-19 m
photonsgluons
The smallest things in the world. Everything there is! ??
“Why are there so many?”“Where does mass come from?”
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xx
x
xxx
x
xx xxx
x
W
e
t
There might be something (new particle?!)in the universe that gives mass to particles
Higgs ParticlesHiggs Particles
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World’s Most Powerful Accelerator:Fermilab’s “Tevatron”
4 miles
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QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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trillions of particles in beams~ speed of light
thickness of human hair
Challenges:
top
one out of one million one out of ten billion
W
2 million collisions per second
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One million signals for each collision!
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One detector with 30,000 high-voltage wiresthickness of human hair
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e
b
ptop
top
du
b
p
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For any discovery, we have to keep pushing technology,not just in the directions we’ve already gone,
but with imagination to create innovative tools.
What does it take to make a discovery?
New Silicon Detector used for Discovery of Top Quark
New materials: SiliconAdvanced electronics
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Challenging environment requires broad knowledge in
physics, material science, and chemistry.
Humanhair
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Adding something to the core of human knowledgeis profoundly satisfying.
Discovery is Exciting!! TOP QUARK DISCOVERY in 1994 - 1995
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Made W and top:
pEp Wtop
Measured their masses accurately.
Estimated mass of Higgs particle.
Now go and FIND it!
Remember Higgs Particle?
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Particles Tell Stories!
Particles are messengers telling a profound story
about nature and laws of nature in microscopic world.
The role of physicists is to listen the storyand
translate it into the language of human knowledge.
What story will the Higgs tell us?!We can’t wait to find out.
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What forces hold the world together?
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Gravitational Force Electromagnetic Force
Issac Newton(1642 - 1727)
James Clerk Maxwell(1831 - 1879)
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radioactive decays
holding proton, nucleus
gluons
Weak Force
Strong Force
Enrico Fermi(1901 - 1954)
neutron decay
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Physicists (even including Einstein) think that with very high energy beams
forces start to behave the same
as if there is just one force, not several forces.
“Do all the forces become one?”
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How did we get here?Where are we going?
Understanding our Universe!
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QuickTime™ and aMPEG-4 Video decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
From Annie Hall by Woody Alan
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Hey Alvi, not only is the universe expanding, it is
accelerating!!
Where does energy come from?Dark Energy
(Annie Hall 2?)
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Fermilab’s Tevatron creates particles that existed in the universe
only ~0.001 nano second after Big Bang.
100 million x Sun Temperature
“Where did all anti-matter go?”
particlesanti-particles
particles
makingaccelerators
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Everything is made of electrons, up quarks and down quarks.
Need much more (x4) mass than what we see - Dark Matter What is it?
Everything that we can see
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pp
X e+
e-
+
Searching for Dark Matter at Tevatron
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Answers themselves lead to more questions:
Are quarks and electrons the smallest things?Do all forces become one?
Where does mass come from?Why are there so many smallest things?
What is Dark Energy?Where did all anti-matter go?
Dark Matter - what is it?...
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more powerful accelerators to answer
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When the Tevatron was providing very first collisions, physicists were planning the next energy frontier accelerator.
~18 miles
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Here we are in 15-20 years later.
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)will be complete in a few years.
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Tevatron will be winding down by end of this decadeafter glorious history and further observations yet to come.
Large Hadron Collider will begin explorationwhere Tevatron leaves off. off.
LHC will open a new window!
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The LHC is about to begin….
January 2005 Workshop in KEK, Japan
Once again, physicists are preparingthe next energy frontier accelerator.
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The International Linear Collider (ILC) is chosen.The ILC will use an enormous step forward
in accelerator technology.
Physicists from all around the world came here atSnowmass to figure out how to build the ILC.
The ILC will open another new window beyond the LHC.
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Small things are Powerful and Beautiful!
They provide the building blocksfor everything in the Universe.
Every one of them tells a story. With their stories, we discover new laws of nature.
That is the goal of particle physics.
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Particle physics requires the support of the public, people like you.
We have been well supported and we thank you. Thank Depart. of Energy, National Science Foundation
We wish to continue this journey.That’s why all physicists are meeting at Snowmass now, planning for the future, the International Linear Collider.
Do we as a nation have the resolve to continue this journey for knowledge?
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