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Early Explorers
First Steps in a New Land
Chapter 4
Section 1
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Columbus Sights a New World
• Lands on a Caribbean island in October 1492
• Italian sailing under Spanish flag
• Spain claims most of S. America, Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, & part of present-day U.S.
• Columbus returned to Americas 3 times
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New Spain• Conquistadors – Spanish
soldiers seeking Gold and Glory and God– Built towns, laid out roads,
opened mines, developed farms/ranches
• Friars – Catholic priests– Convert natives to Catholic
faith; established missions (religious settlements)
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Cortés Lands in Mexico• Feb. 1519 – Hernan Cortés sails from Cuba to
Mexico with 500 soldiers• Aztecs welcomed Cortés because they believed
he was a god• Tenochtitlán-Aztec capital city with palaces,
zoos, gold and silver• Spanish imprisoned & killed the Aztec
leader,Moctezuma, then tore down capital before they rebuilt and renamed it Mexico City
• Because of treasures found here, other Spanish are inspired
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Álvarez de Pineda Explores Texas
• 1519 – Alonso Álvarez de Pineda becomes 1st European to explore Texas coast
• Sailed the coast from Florida to Mexico
• Stopped at mouth of Río de las Palmas (Rio Grande)
• Died in 1520 in Native American uprising in Mexico
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Shipwrecked in Texas
• 1527 –Cabeza de Vaca sailed from Florida for glory and gold
• Shipwrecked on Galveston Island, which he named Malhado, isle of misfortune.
• Karankawas help out Spanish, but most died from disease and starvation
• Cabeza de Vaca & Estevanico (Esteban) adopt ways of Karankawas and become shamans
• Traveled throughout Texas and learned much about the geography
• In Texas for nearly 6 years
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Early Explorers
The Spanish Explore Texas
Chapter 4
Section 2
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The Quest for Gold
• Cabeza de Vaca had heard stories of riches of copper, emeralds, and turquoise
• Cabeza de Vaca describes his adventure:– Huge herds of “cows” with small horns– Vast and handsome land– Very Fertile
• Spaniards inspired to send treasure-seeking expeditions
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Where did Cabeza de Vaca probably get his ideas about
riches in Texas?
From Native Americans with whom he had come in contact
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Fray Marcos Leads a New Expedition
• 1539 – Viceroy Mendoza sends Fray Marcos, a priest, to check out Cabeza de Vaca’s stories
• Estevanico (Esteban)– Shipwrecked with Cabeza de Vaca– Rode ahead; sent back reports of seven cities of gold and
other riches– 1st black man to enter Texas (killed by Zuni Indians)
• Cibola – Pueblo in Arizona and New Mexico border– Looked golden at sunset
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Why did Fray Marcos conclude that there was a Cibola with
seven cities of gold?
He saw a pueblo at sunset, which made it look golden, and he
imagined that there were other such cities.
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Coronado Is Disappointed
• 1540 – Francisco Vazquez de Coronado led an expedition of more than 300 to find Cibola (unfortunately, no gold – just adobe)
• Met an Indian (Turk) in present-day Santa Fe, New Mexico
• Turk told of fabulous riches further east in Quivira
• Cornado and his expedition set out in search of this city
• Disappointed about not finding riches, Turk is put to death
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How would you feel if you were Coronado?
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Moscoso Explores East Texas
• 1539 - Hernan de Soto landed in Florida– 1st time European reached Mississippi River– Died in 1542
• Moscoso takes command and reaches East Texas
• Explored as far as Brazos River and found no riches so he returned to Mississippi River
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How did de Soto and Moscoso reach Texas?
By land, probably on horseback
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New Mexico is Founded
• Spanish interest in Texas starts decreasing due to lack of riches
• 1609 – Spaniards set up permanent colony on upper Rio Grande
• Explored as far as present-day San Angelo
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Why did the Spanish make few attempts to settle the region
now known as Texas?
They sought gold but found none, so they thought the region was not
worth settling.
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Early Explorers
La Salle Awakens Spanish InterestChapter 4
Section 3
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France Challenges Spanish Claims
• Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle– 1682 – 1st European to navigate Mississippi River– Named the land Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV– 1684 – led 2nd expedition to the New World
• Mouth of Mississippi River• Blown off course with storm• Landed in Matagorda Bay (near present-day
Corpus Christi)
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French Flags Flies Over Texas
• Ft. St. Louis is built near Matagorda Bay
• Troubles:– Settlers are overworked, starvation, disease,
and conflict with the Native Americans
• La Salle leaves to explore area
• La Salle murdered by unhappy follower
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Results of La Salle’s Expedition
• Spanish shifts focus from western Texas to eastern Texas– Why?
• Provided U.S. a reason to claim Texas as part of Louisiana Purchase (1803)– Caused arguments between U.S. and Spain
for years over borders
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Explorers Summary
• 1492 – Christopher Columbus• 1519 – Cortes in Mexico; Pineda maps Texas coast• 1528 – Cabeza de Vaca in Texas• 1540 – Coronado finds Cibola (no gold)• 1541 – Coronado finds Quivira (no gold); De Soto
explores Mississippi River• 1609 – Spanish establish Santa Fe, New Mexico colony• 1685 – La Salle establishes Ft. St. Louis near
Matagorda Bay• 1687 – Spain shifts focus to eastern Texas