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Earth Cycles
ByDiana L. Duckworth
Rustburg High SchoolCampbell County, VA
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Cycles observed by early man ...
Some were easy, such as
Day & night
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cycles of the seasons
spring
summer
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WINTER
FALL
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Hydrologic Cycle… and the rivers run to the sea, yet the sea is not full
evaporation
Condensation Precipitation
runoff
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Lives were ruled by cycles...hibernation
Growth & harvestmigration
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals
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Cycles - old idea in 1789
• James Hutton - Scottish physician
• familiar with cycles – cycling of blood in the body – cycling of air in and out of the lungs
• liked to take long walks, hiking vacations
• naturalist - keen observer of nature
• good thinker - synthesizer
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Hutton’s two contributions
• Uniformitarianism– the present is the key to the past
• Geologic Cycle– the neverending cycle of the wearing away of
the continents and the rebuilding of the continents
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Solid rock becoming soil...
… called weathering
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Loose particles eroded ...
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and carried away (transported)...
By rivers on bottom
And in suspension
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And by ice in glaciers
And wind...
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And underground in caves...
… everywhere aslow, steady marchof loose materialto be deposited...
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loose material dropped, that is deposited ...
In lake beds & flood plains
Along shoreline
And in ocean
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…why are there mountains left?
• Two possibilities– earth is very young and the mountains just
haven’t been worn away– earth is old, and in some way, mountains are
renewed
• Saw processes of continents wearing down– by erosion, transport & deposition
• Must be a return part of the cycle – wearing away must be followed by renewal
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Evidence of oceans at higher levels
Fossils - remains of life
Ripples in rocks
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Many rocks showed evidence of heat & pressure in rocks at high elevations
Must have been buried deepand then uplifted
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How could uplift have occurred?
Volcanoes create new land
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Rock layers have been broken and one side lifted up
Many small shifts along faults during earthquakes...
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Grand Tetons created over millions of years by many small movements on a fault at base of mountains.
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weathering
erosion
transport
deposition
burial
uplift
Geologic cycle
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Uniformitarian PrincipleUniformitarianism
Processes today are the same as processes in the past because the fundamental laws of the universe
do not change.
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Two Examples of Uniformitarianism
Modern
ancient
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Has this cycle of wearing away & building back up always been in effect?
Angular unconformity – rocks at bottom are tilted from mountain building and were eroded before others were deposited on top.
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Yes!!!!
“I see no vestige of a beginning and no prospect of an end.”
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Remember...• All processes occur all the time
– somewhere on the earth
• All processes are very slow
• Many are catastrophic and discontinuous, producing small changes– volcanic eruptions– movement on a fault– floods
• Many small changes add up to big changes
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How old is the earth?
• very very very old (4.6 billion years!)– processes are slow - millimeters per century– evidence of many cycles of
• weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, burial and uplift
– many small changes over a long period can wear away mountains & create new ones
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Rock Cycle occurs when processes of geologic cycle act on earth materials
IGNEOUS ROCKScooling of molten rock material
Sedimentary rocks deposition of weathered particles
Metamorphic rockschanged by heat & pressure
Surface processes
burial
Melting &cooling
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NOT THE END ...