Download - Earth from geological viewpoint
![Page 1: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Earth from geological viewpoint
![Page 2: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Earth from meteorological viewpoint
![Page 3: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Earth from ecological viewpoint
Earth as huge system of interdependent, interacting, parts
![Page 4: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The 4 components of Earth
1. Lithosphere: the solid Earth; land, soil
![Page 5: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The 4 components of Earth2. Hydrosphere: the liquid Earth;
water
![Page 6: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The 4components of Earth3. Atmosphere: the gaseous Earth; air
![Page 7: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The 4 components of Earth
4. Organisms: living things
![Page 8: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
BiosphereIncludes parts of all 4 components of Earth
in which living things occur.
![Page 9: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Levels of organization in the living world
![Page 10: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Levels of organization in the living world
• Organisms: individual living things
![Page 11: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Levels of organization in the living world
• Population: group of individuals of same species occupying a given area at the same time.
![Page 12: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Levels of organization in the living world
• Community: populations of all species occupying a particular place
![Page 13: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Levels of organization in the living world
• Ecosystem: community(ies) interacting with one another and with the physical environment in a particular place
![Page 14: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Levels of organization in the living world
• Biome: a major category of ecosystem (e.g., desert, grassland, tropical rainforest, etc.)
![Page 15: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ECOLOGY• Ecology: the scientific study of
ecosystem structure and function• Ecologists vs. Environmentalists
![Page 16: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Structure of ecosystems1. Energy source
– Usually sunlight
Deep sea vent
![Page 17: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Structure of ecosystems2. Physical environment: non-living
materials like air, water, minerals, etc.
![Page 18: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Structure of ecosystems3. Producers
– Make their own food
![Page 19: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Structure of ecosystems4. Consumers
– Eat other living things– Primary– Secondary
![Page 20: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Structure of ecosystems5. Decomposers
– Eat waste matter and dead living things
![Page 21: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Function of ecosystems• All ecosystem interactions depend
on–1. One-way flow of energy–2. Matter cycling
![Page 22: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Energy Flow• Energy: the ability to do work• Energy quality: measure of ability
to do work
![Page 23: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Energy Flow• Energy: the ability to do work• Energy quality: measure of ability
to do work– High: organized, concentrated; great
ability to do work. Ex. electricity
![Page 24: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Energy Flow• Energy: the ability to do work• Energy quality: measure of ability
to do work– High: organized, concentrated; great
ability to do work. Ex. electricity– Low: disorganized or dilute; low
ability to do useful work. Ex. heat less than 100°C
![Page 25: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Laws of thermodynamics• 1. Matter and energy can’t be created
or destroyed, only transformed – You can’t get something for nothing– There’s no such thing as a free lunch– E = mc2
• 2. Energy degrades to a less usable, lower quality form (low heat is lowest)– Energy quality “tax” – You can’t win– You can’t get out of the game, either
![Page 26: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
One-way flow of energy– Food chain: a series of organisms,
each eating or decomposing the preceding one. A channel for one-way flow of energy (and the recycling of materials).• Individual organisms
![Page 28: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
One-way flow of energy• Food Web: a tracing of movement
of all energy (and matter) passing through an ecosystem.
• Including all interconnected food chains
![Page 31: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
One-way flow of energy• Some concepts
– Pyramid of energy: due to the “energy quality tax” of the second law of thermodynamics, only 2-30% of the energy a one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level• Depends on species and ecosystems
involved• The “average” number is 10%
![Page 34: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
One-way flow of energy– Pyramid of numbers and biomass:
related to the pyramid of energy. • More people can be supported by plants
than by animal meat
![Page 37: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
One-way flow of energy• Pyramid of numbers and biomass:
1300
90,00027,000,0001000 tons
HumanTroutFrogs
GrasshoppersGrass
![Page 39: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
One-way flow of energy– Pyramid of numbers and biomass:
1300
90,00027,000,0001000 tons Grass
HumanTroutFrogsGrasshoppers
3090,000
27,000,0001000 tons Grass
HumansFrogs
Grasshoppers
![Page 40: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
One-way flow of energy– Pyramid of numbers and biomass:
1300
90,00027,000,0001000 tons Grass
HumanTroutFrogsGrasshoppers 900
27,000,0001000 tons Grass
HumansGrasshoppers
![Page 41: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
One-way flow of energy– Pyramid of numbers and biomass:
1300
90,00027,000,0001000 tons Grass
HumanTroutFrogsGrasshoppers
2,0001000 tons Grass
Humans
![Page 42: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
One-way flow of energy– Net Primary Productivity: rate at
which plants produce chemical energy (PSS) MINUSthe rate at which plants use chemical energy (respiration)• The “income” of animals
![Page 43: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
So, which biomes on Earth are the most productive?
![Page 44: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Open ocean Tropical rain forest Temperate forest Savanna Northern coniferous forest Continental shelf Agricultural land Temperature grassland Woodland and shrubland Estuaries Swamps and marshes Desert scrub Lakes and streams Tundra Extreme desert
0 50 100 150 200
Average World Net Primary Productivity (billion Kcal/yr)
![Page 45: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Estuaries Swamps and marshes Tropical rain forest Temperate forest Northern coniferous forest Savanna Agricultural land Woodland and shrubland Temperature grassland Lakes and streams Continental shelf Tundra Open ocean Desert scrub Extreme desert
0 2,500 5,000 7,500 10,000
?
Average World Net Primary Productivity (billion Kcal/m2/yr)Kcal/m2/yr
![Page 46: Earth from geological viewpoint](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56816593550346895dd86125/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Estuaries Swamps and marshes Tropical rain forest Temperate forest Northern coniferous forest Savanna Agricultural land Woodland and shrubland Temperature grassland Lakes and streams Continental shelf Tundra Open ocean Desert scrub Extreme desert
0 2,500 5,000 7,500 10,000
?
Average World Net Primary Productivity (billion Kcal/m2/yr)Kcal/m2/yr