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EARTH SCIENCE
A Quick Review
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Where are we?
• 3rd planet from the sun• About 92 million miles
– Perfect distance to balance warmth– “The Water Planet”
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Who are we?• Geosphere• Hydrosphere• Atmosphere• Biosphere
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Earth’s History• About 4.6 billion years old (according to rock
record)• Geologic Time scale - broken down into eons,
eras, periods and epochs. (Precambrian epoch = 87% of time scale)
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• Divisions mainly dependent on rise of certain types of organisms or major events.
Earth’s History
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• 3 major concentric zones
• Core:– Solid inner – due to
pressure (Ni & Fe)– Molten outer - creates
magnetic field (Fe & S)
• Mantle:– Mostly solid– Asthenosphere =
slowly flowing
• Lithosphere:– Thin rigid– Contains the crust
Earth’s Composition
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Earth’s Magnetic Field
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Earth’s Crust• Oceanic crust – mostly basalt (more dense,
~3.0g/cm3)• Continental crust – mostly granite (less dense,
~2.7g/cm3)
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Plate Tectonics
• Nuclear decay in the core releases heat into the mantle and asthenosphere causing convection currents that create plate movement
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Plate Tectonics
• Convection currents have caused the mass movement of plates over millions of years.
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• The movement of these plates is called “Continental Drift”.
Plate Tectonics
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• Each individual plate (about 12) is made of lithosphere and mantle.
Plate Tectonics
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• Today, the plates are still in motion – – PLATE TECTONICS
– http://sos.noaa.gov/videos/Paleo3.mov
Plate Tectonics
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Plate Tectonics• The plates today:
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Plate tectonics• Plate boundaries – edges of the plates
– Three types: convergent, divergent and transform
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Earth’s Crust• Convergence (subduction)
• Creates mountains and volcanoes
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Earth’s Crust
• Divergence (ridge formation)– Creates volcanoes and new crust
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Earth’s Crust
• Transform – plates sliding past one another.– Creates
earthquakes
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Volcanoes• Active• Dormant• Extinct
• Subduction volcanoes– At plate boundaries
• Hot spot volcanoes– In the middle of
plates
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Volcanoes
• Rift Volcanoes– Form new oceanic crust
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Earthquakes• Each
black dot is the
location of an
earthquake
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Earthquakes
• Anatomy:– Fault– Focus– Epicenter– Waves
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Rock Cycle• Rocks come from rocks
• Time, erosion, pressure and heat create 3 basic types– Igneous– Sedimentary– Metamorphic
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Rock Cycle•Erosion
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Soil• A crucial link between
biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving)
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Earth’s orbit and rotation
• Revolution, rotation and tilt determine our days and seasons.
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Seasons
• Spring in the Northern, Autumn in the Southern
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Seasons
• Summer in the Northern, Winter in the Southern
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Seasons
• Autumn in the Northern, Spring in the Southern
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Seasons
• Winter in the Northern, Summer in the Southern
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The Atmosphere• A layer of gases
held close to the Earth by gravity
• With the help of the sun, it’s where our weather and climates occur
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Atmosphere
• Troposphere – all of the weather, most of the water vapor and clouds.
• Well mixed layer.• Area of the
atmosphere that holds the greenhouse gases
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The Greenhouse Effect• Without the
greenhouse gases (CO2, H2O, and CH4) in the atmosphere, we wouldn’t survive.
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Atmosphere
• Stratosphere – not well mixed.
• Contains the ozone layer (O3)
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Atmosphere
• Mesosphere – where meteors usually burn up.
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Atmosphere• Thermosphere
(or Ionosphere)
• Thinnest gas layer– Aurora’s– Space shuttles– Ionization
(absorption of solar wind)
– Reflects radio waves
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Atmosphere
• Exosphere – Satellites – Lightest gases –
H2 and He
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Atmosphere• Magnetosphere – area where the magnetic
field of the earth dominantly controls the movements of gas and charged particles.
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Hydrosphere & Biosphere
• We’ll cover these later…..