Earth’s Surface: Unit 1
The Big Idea:Continuous processes on Earth’s surface result in the formation and destruction of landforms and the formation of soil.
What on Earth?• Earth systems- all of the matter,
energy, and processes within Earth’s boundary.
http://www.eduweb.com/portfolio/earthsystems/images/print_main_icon.jpg
http://www.isws.illinois.edu/nitro/images/biggraph.jpg
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
Geosphere• Geosphere- mostly solid,
rock part of Earth. It extends from the center to the surface of Earth.– Layers of Geosphere
a. Crustb. Mantlec. Core
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
Layers of the Geosphere• Crust - 5-10 km (ocean) 35-70 km (continental),
made of silicates, LEAST DENSE• Mantle-about 2900 km thick, very slow flowing, solid
rock, made of silicate minerals that are denser than the crust.
• Core- Outer : liquid layer 3500 km thick Inner: solid, dense core made of Fe & Ni
MOST DENSE
Got Water?
• Hydrosphere- liquid water including oceans, lakes, rivers, marshes, streams, swamps, ground water, rain & water droplets in clouds. – 97% of all water on Earth is the saltwater
found in oceans. – Oceans cover 71% of Earth.
http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/hydro/hydrosphere/why_images/folsom_dam.jpg
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
Ice, Ice Baby• Cryosphere- made up
of all the frozen water on Earth. All the ice, sea ice, glaciers, ice shelves, icebergs, & permafrost.
http://www.earth-prints.org/image/criopic.jpg
http://www.eduweb.com/portfolio/earthsystems/cryosphere/images/bargraph.gif
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
What a Gas!• Atmosphere- made of invisible gases
that surround Earth. The atmosphere is about • 78% Nitrogen• 21% Oxygen• 1% many other gases (Ar, CO2, & water vapor).
http://spaceguard.rm.iasf.cnr.it/NScience/neo/images/AtmosGraph.gif
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
Living Together• Biosphere- made up of living
things and the areas of Earth where they are found.
http://creationwiki.org/Symbiosis
http://www.uwphoto.net/content/si/wp_large/si04-666.jpg
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
What’s the Matter?
• All of the five spheres of Earth interact as matter & energy change & cycle through the system. (Think of the water, nitrogen & carbon cycles)
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
• Trace the flow of energy through Earth’s system.
Energy Budget- formed with movement of energy through Earth’s system.
Break It Down• Weathering- breakdown of rock
material by physical and chemical processes.
Types of Weathering1. Physical2. Chemical
Unit 1 Lesson 2 Weathering
http://www.geol.umd.edu/~piccoli/10http://shetzers.com/photo-galleries-and-images/utah-pictures/0/Image67.jpg
http://shetzers.com/photo-galleries-and-images/utah-pictures/
Physical weathering• process by which rock is broken down into
smaller pieces by physical changes, but does NOT change composition.– Ice wedging (frost wedging)- crack growth– Exfoliation – Animals-mix soil, air & drainage– Plants-reason crack growth– Wind-moves sediment– Abrasion
Unit 1 Lesson 2 Weathering
Physical Weathering
• Abrasion -breaking down & wearing away of rock material by the mechanical action of other rocks.
Water
Wind
Gravity
http://nondot.org/sabre/pics/2001-12-16-India-Trip/2002-01-01/02%20-%20On%20the%20Road%20Again/thumbs/75%20-%20Falling%20rocks.jpg
http://schools-wikipedia.org/images/922/92219.jpg
http://www.eeo.ed.ac.uk/undergraduate/field/peasebay/pebbles.jpg
Unit 1 Lesson 2 Weathering
Chemical Weathering• breakdown of rocks by chemical
reactions which changes composition & appearance.• Oxidation-chemicals in rock combine with oxygen in the
air or in water, sometimes indicated by color change.• Acid precipitation -occurs when strong acids fall to
Earth as rain, sleet, or snow.
Unit 1 Lesson 2 Weathering
http://www.photosfan.com/images/caves-stalactites-and-stalagmites.jpghttp://www.washingtonpublishers.com/YesResorts/utah.jpg
Go with the Flow
• Erosion process by which sediment & other materials are moved from one place to another.
• Deposition process by which eroded material is dropped.
http://www.chartiersgreenway.net/hydrology.htm
Unit 1 Lesson 3 Erosion & Deposition
Floodplain –flat area; fertileMeander –curves & bends Oxbow –a meander that is cut offDelta- fan shaped pattern of deposited sedimentShoreline- place where land & water meetGroundwater-water below Earth’s surface
Alluvial fan - fan shaped deposit that forms on dry landCreep -extremely slow movement of material downslope. Mudflow -rapid movement of a large mass of mud due to lots of rain
Unit 1 Lesson 4 BY Wind, Ice, & Gravity http://www.ndsu.edu/fargo_geology/mass_wasting/creep&flow.htm
Shaping the Earth• Glacial drift -general term
for all materials carried & deposited by a glacier.– Alpine glaciers- cause U
shaped valleys & rugged landscapes.
– Continental glaciers - form flat landscapes
Unit 1 Lesson 4 BY Wind, Ice, & Gravity
http://glaciers1011r1.wikispaces.com/Alpine+Glacier
http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0311164/contglac.htm
• Soil - loose mixture of rock fragments, organic matter, water, and air that can support the growth of vegetation.
• Soil profile - vertical section of soil that shows all the different layers.
• Soil horizon - Each layer in the soil profile that has different physical properties.
Unit 1 Lesson 5 Soil Formation
http://w
ww
.hutton.ac.uk/research/groups/environm
ental-and-biochemical-sciences/soil-chem
istry-and-mineralogy
http://www.keywordpicture.com/keyword/chernozem%20soil%20profile/
Soil Horizons• A horizon - topmost layer of soil,
often referred to as topsoil. It contains the most humus.
• B horizon -has less humus. Water carries material from the A to the B horizon, in a process called leaching. “Zone of accumulation”
• C horizon -lies below the B horizon and directly above the parent rock. It contains the largest rock fragments and usually no organic matter.
Unit 1 Lesson 5 Soil Formation
1. Parent rock - determines soil type2. Climate-faster in warm, wet rather cold
& dry.3. Topography- (slope of the land) faster
on flatlands4. Plants and animals- add organic
material by breaking down remains5. Time- longer it has, the better the soil
Unit 1 Lesson 5 Soil Formation
What it takes for soil to form:
Soil properties are used to classify different soils
–Soil texture –Color–Pore space–Fertility–Chemistry
(pH-acid/base)
Unit 1 Lesson 5 Soil Formation
pH scale -measure of how acidic or basic a substance is.
http://www.downsizingamerica.com/images/ph_scale.gif
•
Acids and bases are on opposite ends of a measuring tool, the pH scale. At the center of the scale is the neutral zone. This scale receives extensive use in testing soil for farmers, gardeners and environmentalists.