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ECEN5553 Telecom SystemsDr. George ScheetsWeek 15 & 16Read [36a] "Dish network for the enterprise"[36b] "Lighting up Copper"[36c] "Bell Labs Claims New Speed Record Over Old
Copper Wiring"[37a] "IPTV and Video Networks in the 2015 Time
Frame: The Evolution to Medianets"[37b] "Netflix Factor has University Networks
Creaking Under Streaming Video Strain"[38] "The Broadcast Empire Strikes Back"Final Exam
Friday, 11 December, 1400 – 1550 (Live)< 18 December (Distance Learning)
ECEN5553 Telecom SystemsDr. George ScheetsWeek 15 & 16Read [36a] "Dish network for the enterprise"[36b] "Lighting up Copper"[36c] "Bell Labs Claims New Speed Record Over Old
Copper Wiring"[37a] "IPTV and Video Networks in the 2015 Time
Frame: The Evolution to Medianets"[37b] "Netflix Factor has University Networks
Creaking Under Streaming Video Strain"[38] "The Broadcast Empire Strikes Back"Final Exam
Friday, 11 December, 1400 – 1550 (Live)< 18 December (Distance Learning)
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Comprehensive Final ExamComprehensive Final Exam Everything from Day 1 is testableEverything from Day 1 is testable
NotesNotes Power Point slidesPower Point slides Required ReadingsRequired Readings
Work 5 of 7 pages on final.Work 5 of 7 pages on final. 2-3 pages will be from last year2-3 pages will be from last year
Address the questionAddress the question Use the space providedUse the space provided
Give the instructor the feeling you could've said Give the instructor the feeling you could've said more!more!
Rule of thumb: Provide Rule of thumb: Provide >> one fact per point one fact per point
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MPEG 1MPEG 1 Standard since 1992 Compression of motion video & audio at about 1.5
Mbps (VHS Quality < NTSC) Targeted at digital playback & storage Has Random Access capabilities Somewhat Obsolete
Divides picture up into 8x8 pixel blocksConverts blocks to bit stream
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MPEG 2MPEG 2 Targets higher quality compression,
typically at 3-6 Mbps bit rates Being used for Direct Broadcast TV Large chunks of MPEG2 used in
U.S. HDTV standard Standard since 1994
MP3 MP3 Web audio clipsWeb audio clips Uses audio compression from MPEG 1Uses audio compression from MPEG 1
12-1 typical compression ratio12-1 typical compression ratio
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MPEG 4MPEG 4
Aimed at Multimedia Coding Bit rates from 8 Kbps - 40+ Mbps Can codes objects as opposed to NxN blocks
Ability to interact & manipulate objects Standard in 1999 Used in Quicktime 6, Direct TV
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H.261, H.263, & H.264H.261, H.263, & H.264 Target real time videoconferencing Subset of MPEG Wide variety of bit rates
64 Kbps - 128 Kbps: Face shot (video phone)384 Kbps: considered to be minimum speed for decent full
screen videoconferencing New OSU gear is using H.263/4 @ 1.92 Mbps
H.264 quality > H.263 > H.261Newer protocols require more processing powerH.261 less common today
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Thermal Noise Power in 6 MHzThermal Noise Power in 6 MHz 70 degrees Fahrenheit?70 degrees Fahrenheit?
≈ ≈ 24.01(1024.01(10-15-15) watts) watts 32.3 Mbps → 32.3 Mbps →
Channel Capacity says SNR needs to be Channel Capacity says SNR needs to be >> 40.64 40.64 Need Signal Power Need Signal Power >> 975.8(10 975.8(10-15-15) watts) watts
out of out of receivingreceiving antenna antenna Analog NTSC required SNR ≈ 15,800…Analog NTSC required SNR ≈ 15,800…
… … for a good quality picturefor a good quality picture Needed Signal Power = 379.4(10Needed Signal Power = 379.4(10-12-12) watts) watts
out of out of receivingreceiving antenna antenna
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Video Delivery: Over the AirVideo Delivery: Over the Air
300 mATSC
Digital FDMSince June 2009
(FCC edict)
40-50 miles
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Video Delivery SystemsVideo Delivery Systems Geo-Synchronous Satellite
Analog NTSC (Obsolete) 1 channel per 6 MHZ of RF bandwidth 10 foot satellite dish
Newer Systems digital MPEG2/4 Can get 4-6 "NTSC quality" SDTV channels
per 6 MHz of RF bandwidth (TDM) 1-2 HDTV signals per 6 MHz RF bandwidth 18 inch satellite dish MPEG4 = same quality, fewer bps
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Video Delivery SystemsVideo Delivery Systems Cable TV
Tree configuration Distribution systems originally all coax Originally Analog NTSC BW ≈ 700 MHz
HeadendAMP
AMP
...
...
AMP ...Initially Simplex Copper Coax
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Video Delivery SystemsVideo Delivery Systems Cable TV
Tree configuration Fiber deployed from Head End side moving
out
HeadendAMP
AMP
...
...
AMP ...
Copper CoaxFiber
2nd GenerationHybrid Fiber Coax
a.k.a. FTTx
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Video Delivery SystemsVideo Delivery Systems Cable TV
Now mostly digital ATSC, MPEG2/4 Cable Modems require 2-way commo
Some 6 MHz channels pulled from TV pool
HeadendAMP
AMP
...
...
AMP ...
Copper CoaxFiber
2nd GenerationHybrid Fiber Coax
FTT curb
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Video Delivery SystemsVideo Delivery Systems Cable TV
Ultimate Goal: Fiber to the Home (FTTH) Passive Optical Network
No active electronics in access network
Headend Splitter
...Fiber
3rd GenerationFTT home
...Splitter
...Splitter
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Representative Video Bit Rates (Hi ↓ Lo Quality)
Representative Video Bit Rates (Hi ↓ Lo Quality)
1.2 Gbps Uncompressed HDTV1.2 Gbps Uncompressed HDTV 19.4 Mbps ATSC ( ≈ HDTV quality)19.4 Mbps ATSC ( ≈ HDTV quality) 8 - 8 - 9 Mbps MPEG4 ( ≈ HDTV quality)9 Mbps MPEG4 ( ≈ HDTV quality) 90 Mbps Uncompressed NTSC (SDTV) 90 Mbps Uncompressed NTSC (SDTV) 3 - 6 Mbps MPEG2 ( ≈ SDTV quality)3 - 6 Mbps MPEG2 ( ≈ SDTV quality) 1.5 Mbps MPEG4 ( ≈ SDTV quality)1.5 Mbps MPEG4 ( ≈ SDTV quality) 1.5 Mbps MPEG1 ( ≈ VHS < SDTV quality)1.5 Mbps MPEG1 ( ≈ VHS < SDTV quality) How Much More Compression is Still Possible?How Much More Compression is Still Possible?
H.264 uses 30% less bits than MPEG4H.264 uses 30% less bits than MPEG4 November 2008 IEEE Communications MagazineNovember 2008 IEEE Communications Magazine
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CompressionCompression Requires a Signal with Requires a Signal with
Redundant informationRedundant information Must be some predictability Must be some predictability
Compressing a Signal Compressing a Signal Makes Result Less RedundantMakes Result Less Redundant
You can't compress foreverYou can't compress forever Information TheoryInformation Theory
Math that puts bounds on amount of Math that puts bounds on amount of compressioncompression
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Last Mile Options for Home & SOHOMbps for Data & DTV
Last Mile Options for Home & SOHOMbps for Data & DTV
Dial up ModemsDial up Modems Pathetic BWPathetic BW
Point-to-Point WirelessPoint-to-Point Wireless WiMax, WiFi, ProprietaryWiMax, WiFi, Proprietary
SatellitesSatellites GEOS, GEOS, LEOSLEOS
Power LinesPower Lines Possible in Europe, Possible in Europe, Not economical in U.S.Not economical in U.S.
Cable ModemsCable Modems
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PSTN 33.6 Kbps Dial-Up ModemPSTN 33.6 Kbps Dial-Up Modem
Server
CO CO
2 Wire 2 Wire‘4 Wire’
ModemProtocol
Digital TDM (1's & 0's)64 Kbps
CO Input Line Card Low Pass Filter limits BW (3 - 3.5 KHZ)CO Input Line Card Low Pass Filter limits BW (3 - 3.5 KHZ) M-Ary Signaling (256 QAM or something even more complex)M-Ary Signaling (256 QAM or something even more complex)
Channel Capacity says max transfer is around 35 KbpsChannel Capacity says max transfer is around 35 Kbps
PC
ModemProtocol
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56 Kbps Modem requires Digital Source
56 Kbps Modem requires Digital Source
Server
COPC
Digital TDM1's & 0's(ISDN,
T Carrier, SONET, OTN)
DiscreteVoltage
(128 possible values)(7 bits, 8000x/sec)
PC to Server traffic will be slower, similar to previous slide.
COModemBank
ISP
Digital StatMux1's & 0's
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Dial Up: PC to ISP Connectivity Dial Up: PC to ISP Connectivity
CO
VoiceSwitch
Local Loop
Home
Modem
ISP Modem Bank
To Internet
This configuration used to causecall blocking problems at some CO switches due to longer than designed-for call holding times.
Voicenetwork
PC
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Fine print indicatesFine print indicates Uses Acceleration (compression)Uses Acceleration (compression) Some material won't be compressedSome material won't be compressed Actual data transmission rates = Actual data transmission rates =
standard dial up ratesstandard dial up rates
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Last Mile Options to the HomeLast Mile Options to the Home Point-to- Point MicrowavePoint-to- Point Microwave
Cellular type technologyCellular type technology Fixed sites using directional antennasFixed sites using directional antennas
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Last Mile Options to the HomeLast Mile Options to the Home Geo-synchronous SatelliteGeo-synchronous Satellite
High Speed down links High Speed down links Very Slow Speed Phone Line ‘up link’Very Slow Speed Phone Line ‘up link’
ServerISP
Phone
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Last Mile Options to the HomeLast Mile Options to the Home Geo-synchronous SatelliteGeo-synchronous Satellite
High Speed down linkHigh Speed down link Not-so-High speed up linkNot-so-High speed up link
Server
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Hughes Net (2013)Hughes Net (2013)
@ 15 Mbps, to go full blast needTCP Window = 15 Mbps*RTT
= 15 Mbps*0.5/(8 b/B) = 937.5 KB(Sat uplink & downlink)
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Last Mile Options to the HomeLast Mile Options to the Home Low Earth Orbiting SatelliteLow Earth Orbiting Satellite
Teledesic Teledesic 2004? 2004? 2005? 2005? Never!Never! 300+ Kbps300+ Kbps Cellular type technologyCellular type technology
Cells MoveCells MoveEarth units ‘fixed’Earth units ‘fixed’
RIP
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Last Mile Options to the HomeLast Mile Options to the Home
Point-to-Point LaserPoint-to-Point Laser Currently proprietary. Up to 2.5 Gbps speeds.Currently proprietary. Up to 2.5 Gbps speeds. Aimed at BusinessesAimed at Businesses
Leased Lines (a.k.a. Private Lines)Leased Lines (a.k.a. Private Lines) ExpensiveExpensive Aimed at BusinessesAimed at Businesses
Power LinesPower Lines Not as currently configured on MANNot as currently configured on MAN Usable in home LANUsable in home LAN
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Powerline HANPowerline HAN
10/100BaseT Ethernet: PC ↔ Adapter500 Mbps: Adapter ↔ Adapter
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Last Mile OptionsLast Mile Options Cable Modem Network (DOCSIS)
Simplex 6 MHz downstream channels Simplex 200 KHz to 6+ MHz upstream channels All traffic traverses the Headend
HeadendAMP
AMP
...
...
AMP ...
Copper CoaxFiber
2nd GenerationHybrid Fiber Coax
FTT curb
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Cable NetworksCable Networks Have a Lot of BW (XXX MHz)Have a Lot of BW (XXX MHz) Allocate 6 MHz channels for various servicesAllocate 6 MHz channels for various services
FDMFDM 6 MHz Channel can carry6 MHz Channel can carry
2 MPEG4 HDTV signals2 MPEG4 HDTV signals 3-6 MPEG2/4 SDTV signals3-6 MPEG2/4 SDTV signals 30-40 Mbps Cable Modem Traffic30-40 Mbps Cable Modem Traffic
DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification)DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification) InternetInternet VoIPVoIP
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Cable Modem Connectivity Cable Modem Connectivity
HeadendVoiceSwitch
Cable TV Network
Home
ISP Router
To Internet
Cable Modem uses sharedbandwidth to get to Cable TV Headend.
Voicenetwork
Mux
Legacy Voice
DataIPTVVoIP
PC
Cable Modem
Voice
LegacyVideo
PC
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Cable ModemsCable Modems Use FDM 6 MHz channelsUse FDM 6 MHz channels
Ethernet Frames mapped to QPSK or QAM RF signalEthernet Frames mapped to QPSK or QAM RF signal 30 - 40 Mbps downstream30 - 40 Mbps downstream 320 Kbps to 30 Mbps upstream320 Kbps to 30 Mbps upstream
DownstreamDownstream Head End controls useHead End controls use TDM time slots, possibly assigned for a very short durationTDM time slots, possibly assigned for a very short duration
UpstreamUpstream Head End assigns frequency band to end users (FDM)Head End assigns frequency band to end users (FDM) Head End assigns time slots (Vendor specific algorithms)Head End assigns time slots (Vendor specific algorithms)
Long term assignments (TDMA-like)Long term assignments (TDMA-like) Short term assignments (StatMux-like)Short term assignments (StatMux-like)
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Last Mile OptionsLast Mile Options Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)
Rides on top of Telco access network Runs over twisted pair cabling Various flavors exist
CO
...
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ADSL ConnectivityADSL Connectivity
COVoiceSwitch
Local LoopVoice (analog)Data (ATM)
ISP Router
To Internet
ADSL off loads data traffic fromCO voice switches, & providesmore CO↔Home bandwidth.
Voicenetwork
DSLAM
Legacy Voice
Data
Home
PC
ADSL Modem Voice
PC
Splitter
DataIPTV
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ADSLADSL Plain Vanilla ADSLPlain Vanilla ADSL
384 Kbps - 8 Mbps downstream384 Kbps - 8 Mbps downstream 16 Kbps - 640 Kbps upstream16 Kbps - 640 Kbps upstream
Uses FDMUses FDM POTS analog voice stays in 0 - 4 KHz bandPOTS analog voice stays in 0 - 4 KHz band Upstream and Downstream signals mappedUpstream and Downstream signals mapped
to higher frequency bandsto higher frequency bands Uses OFDMUses OFDM
ATM or Ethernet frame formatsATM or Ethernet frame formats To & From CO To & From CO
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Some of the Flavored VersionsSome of the Flavored Versions ADSL2ADSL2
Needs higher SNR than ADSLNeeds higher SNR than ADSL 8 -12 Mbps downstream8 -12 Mbps downstream 800 Kbps - 3.5 Mbps upstream800 Kbps - 3.5 Mbps upstream
ADSL2+ADSL2+ Doubles used Bandwidth & Bit RatesDoubles used Bandwidth & Bit Rates Can also bond multiple twisted pairsCan also bond multiple twisted pairs
Inverse MultiplexInverse Multiplex VDSL2VDSL2
4 - 8 MHz BW, Inverse Multiplexing4 - 8 MHz BW, Inverse Multiplexing 100 Mbps over short distances100 Mbps over short distances
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Asymmetric Digital Subscriber LineAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Can carryCan carry
A handful of 1.5 Mbps SDTV signalsA handful of 1.5 Mbps SDTV signals Internet traffic (in left over BW)Internet traffic (in left over BW) Standard voice callStandard voice call 0 HDTV signals0 HDTV signals
ADSL2+ potentially can carry 2 HDTV channelsADSL2+ potentially can carry 2 HDTV channels Two 9 Mbps MPEG4Two 9 Mbps MPEG4
To Support Triple Play ServiceTo Support Triple Play Service TelCo's need to drive fiber down towards homesTelCo's need to drive fiber down towards homes FTTH: Gbps speeds possibleFTTH: Gbps speeds possible VDSL2+ can support 100 Mbps on copper out to 1/3 KmVDSL2+ can support 100 Mbps on copper out to 1/3 Km
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DSL SpeedsDSL Speeds
source: www.convergedigest.com/blueprints/ttp03/bp1.asp?ID=232&ctgy=Loop
(Copper)
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(Triple) Double Play Provider(Triple) Double Play Provider 100 Mbps minimum BW100 Mbps minimum BW
VoiceVoice Several Mbps for DataSeveral Mbps for Data Several HDTV ChannelsSeveral HDTV Channels
May not be enough for 3D HDTVMay not be enough for 3D HDTV
Advantage Cable TV providersAdvantage Cable TV providers More BW availableMore BW available
May change depending on FTTHMay change depending on FTTH Who get's there first? Who get's there first?
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Video Delivery SystemsVideo Delivery Systems Telco Digital Subscriber Line
Ultimate Goal: Fiber to the Home (FTTH) Passive Optical Network
No active electronics in access network
Central Office Splitter
...Fiber
3rd GenerationFTT home
...Splitter
...Splitter
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IPTV & ISP BackbonesIPTV & ISP Backbones 150 HDTV MPEG4 TV channels
1.45 Gbps of traffic to move StatMux, need ≈ 2.9 Gbps trunk capacity Two OC-48's Not a show stopper
Especially using multicastOne video stream services many customers
Video on Demand Could be a problem One video stream may service one customer
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IPTV & Last Mile NetworksIPTV & Last Mile Networks On the Access NetworkOn the Access Network
Cable TV/Cable Modem: No ProblemCable TV/Cable Modem: No Problem FTTH : No ProblemFTTH : No Problem xDSL: ProblemxDSL: Problem
Unless Next Door to COUnless Next Door to CO Or near FTTC terminationOr near FTTC termination Either way, can't stream 150 HDTV channelsEither way, can't stream 150 HDTV channels Solution: Selectively feed a fewSolution: Selectively feed a few
On the Home NetworkOn the Home Network 100 Mbps can handle several HDTV channels100 Mbps can handle several HDTV channels Leaves significant BW available for data & Leaves significant BW available for data &
yet-to-be-invented appsyet-to-be-invented apps
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150 HDTV Channels?150 HDTV Channels? Cable TV/Modem Network
150 HDTV Signals over 75 RF Channels (450 MHz) Simulcast (2 TDM over each 6 MHz FDM)
1.2 – 1.6 Gbps (250 MHz) available for data
HeadendAMP
AMP
...
...
AMP ...
Copper CoaxFiber
2nd GenerationHybrid Fiber Coax
FTT curb
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Delivering 150 HDTV ChannelsDelivering 150 HDTV Channels Fiber to the Home (FTTH)
Passive Optical Network (PON) BW in the THz Shared via WDM, TDM, TDMA
CO orHeadend Splitter
...Fiber
...Splitter
...Splitter
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Delivering 150 HDTV ChannelsDelivering 150 HDTV Channels Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
Can't do it. BW ≈ XX MHz (lower double digit) At best, can simulcast 2 with ADSL2+
CO
...
Twisted Pair
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Fiber to the Curb & VDSL2 Can't do it 100 Mbps over last 1,000 feet
Could selectively stream an extra channel or two Active electronics required on last segment
Delivering 150 HDTV ChannelsDelivering 150 HDTV Channels
CO Splitter
Twisted PairFiber
FTTC
...VDSL2
...VDSL2
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IPTV - Replacement for Cable TV?IPTV - Replacement for Cable TV? On the ISP BackboneOn the ISP Backbone
150 MPEG4 HDTV Channels150 MPEG4 HDTV Channels Not a show stopperNot a show stopper
On the Access NetworkOn the Access Network Cable TV/Cable Modem: No ProblemCable TV/Cable Modem: No Problem FTTH: No ProblemFTTH: No Problem xDSL: ProblemxDSL: Problem
Unless Next Door to CO or FTTC terminalUnless Next Door to CO or FTTC terminal Still won't be able to stream all 150 channelsStill won't be able to stream all 150 channels
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IPTV on the Access NetworkIPTV on the Access Network
ISP Backbone
UserTVUserTV
UserTV
UserTV
LocalCache
...
Regional Caches Streamed All or Most TV
Network Programs Local Cache
HouseApartment Complex
Streamed > 1 channel, Access BW permitting.
User TV Streamed > 1 channel,
Home BW permitting.
RegionalCache
...
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IPTV on the Access NetworkIPTV on the Access Network
ISP Backbone
UserTVUserTV
UserTV
UserTV
LocalCache
...
Want to change channel?
TV Cache Checked Available?
< 1/2 second to change Not available?
Packet request shipped to Local Cache
RegionalCache
...
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IPTV on the Access NetworkIPTV on the Access Network
ISP Backbone
UserTVUserTV
UserTV
UserTV
LocalCache
...
Local Cache Checked Available?
Channel streamed to TVMay take > 1/2 second
Not available?Packet request shipped to Regional Cache
RegionalCache
...
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IPTV on the Access NetworkIPTV on the Access Network
ISP Backbone
UserTVUserTV
UserTV
UserTV
LocalCache
...
Regional Cache Checked Available?
Channel streamed to Local Cache, then user TV.
Not available?Packet request might need to be shipped to info source.
If these are busy...
RegionalCache
...
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IPTV on the Access NetworkIPTV on the Access Network
ISP Backbone
UserTVUserTV
UserTV
UserTV
LocalCache
...
Channel Change May Take Several Seconds
Channel Surfers Won't be Happy Ongoing Research
Streaming Techniques to minimize channel change time.
Predicting next channel
RegionalCache
...
When they're awake.
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Home NetworkHome Network
100 Mbps Believed Sufficient100 Mbps Believed Sufficient Several HDTV streamsSeveral HDTV streams Several Mbps left over for dataSeveral Mbps left over for data
OptionsOptions 100 Mbps Ethernet100 Mbps Ethernet 802.11n or 802.11ac802.11n or 802.11ac
May not be enough in a few yearsMay not be enough in a few years
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Worst Case Household Video DemandWorst Case Household Video Demand
Source: "Future Fiber to the Home Bandwidth…", IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2012
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HDTV Video On DemandHDTV Video On Demand Roughly 80 TV's per 100 U.S. PopulationRoughly 80 TV's per 100 U.S. Population Current population about 322,400,000Current population about 322,400,000 About 257.9 million TV'sAbout 257.9 million TV's Worst Case Traffic DemandWorst Case Traffic Demand
257,900,000 x 9.66 Mbps/user =257,900,000 x 9.66 Mbps/user =2,492,000,000,000,000 bps2,492,000,000,000,000 bps
All aren't HDTV capableAll aren't HDTV capable All won't be onAll won't be on Should be some multicastingShould be some multicasting etc.etc.
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Video On Demand- ReservationsVideo On Demand- ReservationsI want to watch"Dr. Strangelove"at 7:12 pm.
Someone else in vicinity commencedwatching at 6:58 pm?
Reservations 1 hour in advance required?
System can plan ahead.6:58 request could be streamed live and forwarded (multicast) to my location, stored locally, played back commencing at 7:12.
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UnicastUnicast
Server
Router
SinkSinkSink
3 Separate Streams Required to service 3 users.
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MulticastMulticast
Server
Router
SinkSinkSink
For a portion of the route, 1 stream suffices.
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