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Ecological Relationships
How do biotic factors
influence each other?
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Ecological Relationships
Biodiversity = the number of species in an
ecosystem
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/about/environment/faqs/biodiversity.jpg
Territory = space claimed by an
individual organism
Ecological Equilibrium = state of “balance” in an
ecosystem
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Ecological Relationships• NICHE - Role of organism
in the ecosystem (job)• NICHE DIVERSITY –
Number of niches in an ecosystem; often determined by abioticfactors
A niche is the sum of all
activities and relationships a species has
while obtaining and
using resources needed to
survive and reproduceAbiotic = non-living
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Competition:• When species or
individuals “fight” for the same resources.– E.g., Food, shelter….
• KEYSTONE PREDATOR/SPECIES -
A predator that causes a large increase in diversity of its habitat.
The “fight” may be indirect … individuals may never
directly contact each other.
http://www.butler.edu/herbarium/prairie/prairie42004.jpg
Losing a keystone species usually disrupts many
ecological relationships.
Two species with Two species with similar needs for similar needs for
same limited same limited resources cannot resources cannot
coexist.coexist.
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Herbivory:
• A primary consumer feeds on a producer.
A fruit bat eating a papaya
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Predation:• A consumer
feeds on another consumer.
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Symbiosis:
• A long-term relationship where two species live closely together and at least one benefits directly from the relationship.
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Mutualism:
• Both organisms benefit from the relationship.
• Win-Win situation!
http://tumi-educational-resources.org/Educational%20%20Videos.htm
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Pollination (Mutualism)• Plants must attract the
pollinator (insects, birds, bats, small mammals) – for example, the flower may have a scent that the pollinator likes.
•Plant gets pollen transported and the pollinator gets nectar (a sugar rich solution) as a food source.
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Mutualism
• Racoon and Poison Ivy– The raccoon eats the
berries of the poison ivy and disperses the seeds as it poops.
– Both benefit.
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Commensalism
• One organism benefits, the other one is unaffected.
• Win-Neutral relationship
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Commensalism• Eastern Chipmunk and
Soil mite– The chipmunk is a mammal
that burrows.– The soil mite feeds off of
leaf litter but cannot burrow itself.
– The mite uses the chipmunk’s tunnels to travel from place to place.
Copyright, Ray Norton
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Commensalism
• Pear-shaped puffball gets opened (and spores dispersed) by Opossum
• Puffball benefits, opossum is not affected.
Copyright, Leon Copyright, Leon ShernoffShernoff
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Parasitism
• One organism benefits, the other one is harmed!
• Win-Lose relationship• Parasites rarely kill their hosts…it
would require them to get another one!
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Parasitism
• Dogwood tree is parasitized by honeysuckle.
Michael Clayton, Wisconsin State HerbariumMichael Clayton, Wisconsin State Herbarium
Department of Botany, Iowa St. University
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Parasitism
Ohio State University
•Bullfrog acts as a host of the big red worm parasite.
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Ecological Relationships
• Biological Magnification — Increasing concentration of poisons in organisms in higher trophic levels in a food chain or web.
Many toxins in the water
Many toxins in the person
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• Biological Magnification-accumulation of increasing amounts of toxin within tissues of organisms.
Video on Biological Magnification