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Ecology Basics
Everything you should have retained from
BIOLOGY!
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What is Ecology?
Eco – from the Greek word for House (oikos)ology – from the Greek work (logos) for study of
Ecology = the study of interactions between organisms & their abiotic environment, interactions among organisms
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Organization of Life Scheme
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Organization of Life Scheme
All living matter can be organizedSMALLEST LARGEST
atom molecule cells tissues organs systems individuals
Ecology deals with the level above the individual organismOrganism Populations CommunitiesEcosystemsBiosphere
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Organism
Organism: individual living thing, able to produce offspring
Scientists study daily movements, feeding, or breeding behaviors.
Ex:
A deer
A Parasite
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Population
Population: members of same species that live together in the same place at the same time
Compete for food, water, mates, and other resourcesResources determine or limit how big/small a population is
Ecologists may study effects of populations of organisms on environmentAlso study growth rates of populations and predict future populationsEx
Many deerRabbitsEndangered species
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Community
Community: populations of different species that live and interact together in a defined area at the same time
Study the # of species, kinds of species, relationships with one another
Ecologists are concerned with effects on community when a new species is added or removed.
Ex: Hawks go up then mice go down
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EcosystemEcosystem: community + its nonliving surroundings/environment
Both biotic and abiotic interactions
Study HOW ecosystems function as regulators of water, nutrient cycles
Ex: Rain forest
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Biome
Biome: A group of ecosystems that make up a specific region for species to live
Similar climate (not weather)Temperature
Elevation
Rainfall + precipitation amounts
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BiosphereThe biosphere is the highest level of organization.
Biosphere: made up of entire planet & all its living & nonliving parts
Ecologists are concerned with all interactions within the biosphere.
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Biotic = living components
plants/animals, disease, interactions
Biotic factors= all living organisms found on Earth
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Abiotic: nonliving components
Air currents
Temperature
Rainfall
Light Exposure
Soil
pH
Dissolved oxygen levels
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Species in land zoneSpecies in aquatic zone
Species in transition zone only
Land zone Transition zone Aquatic zone
Numberof species
AdjacentEcosystemsOverlap
Notice the lack of sharp Boundaries called ecotones
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How Organisms interact
Key terms- Autotroph, heterotroph, scavenger, decomposer, symbiosis,
commensalisms, mutualism, parasitism, food chain, trophic levels,
and food web
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Feeding Relationships
Producer/Autotroph: make their own food, photosyntheticEx: plant, tree, fern, algaeHeterotrophs= consume nutrients
"I MUST BE A HETEROTROPH I CAN'T MAKE THESE !!"
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Herbivores
Herbivores: eat plants, Vegetarian!
Squirrel, rabbit, Ms. Chris
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Omnivores and Decomposers
Omnivores- energy from meat & plantsExamples=me, mouse, bacteria
Decomposers: break down/ absorb nutrients from dead organismsEx: Fungus, mushrooms
"What shall I eat today...meat or veggies....."
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Carnivores and Scavengers
Carnivore= meat eatersHeterotrophs which eat other heterotrophs
Example=lion
Scavenger: gets energy from dead organism (doesn’t kill-stealer)
They play a beneficial role in ecosystem.
Clean up dead animalsExample=vulture, dung beetle, maggots
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Matter & Energy in Ecosystems
2 laws govern ecosystem function
1) 1st Law of Thermo - flow of energy, cycling of nutrients
2) 2nd Law of Thermo – energy tansfers
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Food Chains
Food Chain: linear model used to show energy transfer
Nutrients and energy go from
autrotroph--> heterotroph-->decomposers.
Food chains consist of 3-5 linksNever 6, b/c amount of energy left by the 5th is only a small fraction from the 1st.
Algae Fish Heron Alligator
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Trophic Levels
trophic level: feeding level for each organism in a food chain, energy lost between each step
A food chain represents only one possible route for transfer of matter/energy
Many other routes exist.
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Food Webs
Food Web: complex web of interconnected food chains Many plants & animals involved. A food web gives all possible feeding relationships at a trophic level in a community.
More natural then food chains… why?
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Pyramids of EnergyIllustrate that energy decreases at each trophic level
The total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is only about 10%. What happens to the other 90%?
100010010
1
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Pyramid of Energy
Top Carnivores
Carnivores
Herbivores
Producers
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Pyramid of Energy FlowPyramid of Energy Flow Loss in energy b/n successive trophic levels Loss in energy b/n successive trophic levels 10% gets transferred10% gets transferred
Explains…Explains… Why there are few top carnivores (eagles, hawks, Why there are few top carnivores (eagles, hawks,
tigers, white sharks)tigers, white sharks) Why such species are first to suffer when the Why such species are first to suffer when the
ecosystems that support them are disrupted ecosystems that support them are disrupted Why these species are so vulnerable to extinctionWhy these species are so vulnerable to extinction
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Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
10
100
1,000
10,000Usable energy
Available atEach tropic level(in kilocalories)
Producers(phytoplankton)
Primaryconsumers
(zooplankton)
Secondaryconsumers
(perch)
Tertiaryconsumers
(human)
Decomposers
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Fig. 4.23, p. 86
Grassland(summer)
Temperate Forest(summer)
Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
PYRAMIDS OF NUMBERS - depicts numbers of organisms in the various trophic levels for ecosystems
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Abandoned Field Ocean
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Producers
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS – depicts biomass of organisms in the various trophic levels for ecosystem
The size of each square represents dry weight per square meter of all organisms at that trophic level.
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Primary ProductivityPrimary Productivity An ecosystem’s gross primary productivity An ecosystem’s gross primary productivity
(GPP) = Rate at which an ecosystem’s (GPP) = Rate at which an ecosystem’s producers convert solar energy into chemical producers convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass energy as biomass
Net primary productivity (NPP) =Net primary productivity (NPP) ={Rate at which producers store chemical {Rate at which producers store chemical energy as biomass <photosynthesis>} - {Rate energy as biomass <photosynthesis>} - {Rate at which producers use chemical energy at which producers use chemical energy stored as biomass <aerobic respiration>}stored as biomass <aerobic respiration>}
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Fig. 4.24, p. 87
Variation in productivity on Earth Where are the most productive regions?
High productivity – green Low productivity -- yellow
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Fig. 4.36, p. 99
SolarCapital
Airresources
andpurification
Climatecontrol
Recyclingvital
chemicalsRenewable
energyresources
Nonrenewableenergy
resources
Nonrenewablemineral
resourcesPotentiallyrenewable
matterresources
Biodiversityand gene
pool
Naturalpest anddiseasecontrol
Wasteremoval and
detoxification
Soilformation
andrenewal
Waterresources
andpurification
NaturalCapital
Ecosystem Services
MEMORIZE these!
You will always be asked to relatetopics/problems
tothese issues.
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Habitat and NicheEvery species has a particular function in its community called it’s niche
Niche: role a species plays in a community
space, food, weather, & any other condition an organism needs to survive & reproduce are part of it’s niche
ExFungi break down of organic matter
Coyotes keep rodents down
You keep dishes clean & drive little sis around town
You read, outline, study as a student
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HabitatHabitat: the place where organism lives
Ex bird in trees
Prairie dog in grassland burrows
Your house
Several species share habitats, the food, shelter and other resources of that habitat
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Community Interactions
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Symbiotic relationships= “Living Together”
Competition
Interaction between organisms trying to obtain the same source
Organism A: harmed
Organism B: :-(
Ex: Dogs fight over bone
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Darwin Theory of natural selection1) populations have ability to increase size
2) Resources are limited
3) Competition will arise
4) Natural Selection: the strongest (fittest) will survive
5) Survivors traits passed on to offspring
6) There will be change over time-evolution
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CommensalismOne species benefits & the other is neither helped nor harmed
Org A-helped :-) B-no effect :-|
EX: Barnacles on a whale
Do not harm or help whale
• Barnacles benefit because constant moving water source
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Commensalism• Ex #2: Spanish moss• flowering plant that
drapes itself on branches of trees
• Orchids can grow on the moss
• The trees are not harmed or helped but the moss and the orchids have a place to live.
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Predator vs prey “Predation”• One organism hunts another for food
– Predators- hunt for food– Prey- organism that predator eats– A(predator) benefit :-), B (prey) killed :-(– Ex: Fox hunts & kills rabbit
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Predator vs prey• Ex #2: Praying Mantis
• Although praying mantis generally eats insects & small tree frogs, the female will devour part of her own mate
• Commonly found in tropical and warm temperate climates, the mantis was introduced into the United States to help control certain insect populations.
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Mutualism: both species benefit
• Org A :-)• Org B :-)• Ex: whale shark &
tiny fish: has small fish that live in its mouth & clean debris from teeth.
• Shark gets a free cleaning & the fish get lunch
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Mutualism
• Ex #2: Hippo & little birds: little birds live on its back which eat insects off hippo, hippo does not get bitten
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Mutualism
• Lichens=mixture of algae & fungus
• Algae produces food lichen requires (by photosynthesis), fungus absorbs vital nutrients & water for algae.
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Parasitism• one organism benefits at expense of another
– Org A :-)– Org B :-(
• Example:Tapeworm parasitic worm that infests intestinal lining
• no mouth or digestive tract, able to absorb partially digested material through their body surface.
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Parasites• Ex 2: Sheep Tick • Carnivorous, feeding
on the blood of various species of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including human beings.
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Parasites• Ex #3: chigger • Chiggers are
parasitic on warm-blooded animals. As larvae they cling to vegetation & attach themselves to any animal that brushes against them.
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Parasite vs Host
• Feeding: Feeds on host
• Living:Lives on body of host
• Effect: grows, but depends on host for life processes
• Feeding: Is fed on• Living: larger host=
more parasites it can support
• Effect: Host may become ill or die from parasite
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Summary of symbiotic relationships
Relationship Description Harmful vs helpful
Example
Predator & prey One animal eats another
One is helped one is killed
Cat eating a mouse
Parasitism One animals feeds off another
One is helped one is drained of resources or killed
Tick living off a deer
Commensalism One species benefits from another
One is helped one is not phased
Barnacles and a whale
Mutualism Both rely on each other
Both are helped Flower and insect
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How can carbon move?
#1
#2
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#3
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#4
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HEAT
PRESSURE
#5
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#6
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The Adventures of Carbon!
#1
#2
#4#3
#5
#6
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Carbon of Life-formulas
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How do humans influence the carbon cycle? • Besides breathing, we
• Combustion of fossil fuels
• *Combustion of fossil fuels in atmosphere creates ACID RAIN.
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Ecology of Populations
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Terms
• Population ecology: study of how & why populations change
• Demographics: study of human populations
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Factors that determine population change• 1) Births
• 2) Deaths
• 3) Immigration: movement “in” a population “Im”-“I”-IN
• 4) Emigration: movement “out’ of a population “Em” “E” Exit
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Increase or decrease?
• Births & immigration > deaths & emigration?
• Deaths & emigration > births & immigration
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Populations DO NOT experience linear growth• They experience __?____ growth
– Bacteria: J-shaped curve
Bacterial cells divide every 20 minutes!!!Bacterial cells divide every 20 min!!!
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Bacterial Growth
• Assumption for graph above:• 1) unlimited resources 2) no death• 3) all bacteria reproducing• If so, 1 cell=Earth in 7 ft in 48 hrs!
Beginning growth, pop established
Rapid growth: more bacteria & more offspring
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exponential growth meets real world
• The leveling off of a population results in a “s” shaped curve
CARRYING CAPACITY (dotted line)
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J vs. S
Fluctuations: inc & dec of pop
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Limits on population growth
• Limiting factor: regulates size of a population (limit pop growth)
• 2 kinds of limiting factors– Density dependent factors– Density independent factors
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2 Types of Limiting factors
• Density Dependant: factors that depend on density of a population
• EX food, shelter, water, mates.
• Density Independent: factors that do not depend on density of a population
• EX: Temp, Storms, Floods, Drought, Weather
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Population Dynamics
• Population dynamics: study of composition, # of individuals, & factors that cause change
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Purpose for pop dynamic study
• 1) observe effects of environmental change/impact on populations
• 2) Use pops as environmental quality indicator
• 3) Determine if threatened or endangered
• 4) Understand pop interactions
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Two Factors which cause change• Density dependent: food, shelter, water
• Density Independent: weather, temperature
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Birth Rate: Explain: # of young produced in a given time• Factors that affect population birth rate:
• 1) # of births
• 2) time between births
• 3) Age of 1st reproduction-sexual maturity
• 4) Amount & quality of food
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Death Rate
• Death Rate: # of deaths in population in a given time
• AKA “mortality rate”
• Age & sex specific
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Sex Ratio
• Sex ratio: distribution or # of males & females within population
• Typical sex ratio: 50/50, when uneven affects population
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Mating systems effect
• Monogamy: 1 partner for a breeding season or multiple breeding seasons
• 90% of birds are monogomous
• Polygamy: 2+ mates each season
• Deer, lions
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Age Structure
• Examining individuals at each age level
• Prereproductive 0-14
• Reproductive 14-44
• Postreproductive 45+
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Age Structure Diagrams
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Human Impact
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Habitat Destruction
• Habitat destruction: process of damaging/destroying habitat; cannot support organism
• Biodiversity: variety of life on Earth
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Habitat Destruction
• Urbanization: increasing population/ growth of city into rural areas
• Deforestation: clearance of naturally occurring forests (logging, burning).
• Invasive species: Non-native species of plants/animals that out-compete native species in a habitat.
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Global Warming
• Definition: Global warming: theory that world's avg temp is increasing due to burning of fossil fuels
• Results in higher atmospheric concentrations of gases (CO2)
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Global warming
• Greenhouse effect: warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by atm,
• outgoing thermal radiation blocked by atmosphere
• EX: your car in summer
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Global Warming
• Greenhouse gases: vapors in lower atmosphere that reflect solar radiation back to earth
• Water, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20), ozone
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Global Warming Effects• *Polar icecaps melting, habitat loss
• so sea levels rise
• animals habitat changing (endangering, extinction?)
• *Weather changes (hurricanes from warm air)
– Migration
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Ozone Depletion
• Dfn: reduction of protective layer in upper atm by chemical pollution.
• Pollutant: Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs)
• Effects: skin cancer, cataracts, plant disease, marine life disruption (phytoplankton reduced 6-8%)
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Acid Deposition• Dfn: transfer of acids (or acid-forming
substances) from atm to Earth's surface
• AKA?
• Pollutant: fossil fuels, Acid rain
• Effects: slowly destroys plant life/habitats erodes buildings
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Natural Resource Use
• How do we directly effect natural resources?
• Deforestation, housing
• How do we indirectly effect natural resources?
• Green yard creates green pond
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Natural Resource Use
• Growing fruits/veggies? You may want some pesticides!
• Pesticide: chemical used to kill pests (rodent /insects)
• Bioaccumulation: accumulation of substances in an organism (pesticides, organic chemicals)
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Bioaccumulation
• Chemical gathers in organism faster than it can be broken down
• DDT: dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane bug spray
• Bird: lays on egg & it cracks (b/c bioaccumulation)