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Ecology
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• Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their physical environment (soil, water, climate…)
• ECO =• LOGY =
What is ecology?
house
the study of
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
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Biosphere
• The biosphere contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including land, water and atmosphere.
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ENERGY FLOW• Every organism needs…
…ENERGY!!!
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ENERGY FLOW• What are autotrophs?
• Organisms that capture energy from the sun or chemicals to produce their own food.
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ENERGY FLOW• What is a producer?• Organisms that first
capture energy (Autotrophs)
• FIRST TROPHIC LEVEL
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ENERGY FLOW• During photosynthesis,
autotrophs use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert CO2 and water into oxygen and high energy sugars (glucose).
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PRODUCERSLAND:
PlantsUPPER LAYERS OF OCEAN:
AlgaeTIDAL FLATS/SALT MARSHES:
Photosynthetic bacteria / cyanobacteria
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CHEMOSYNTHESIS
• Chemosynthesis is the process by which organisms use CHEMICAL energy to PRODUCE carbohydrates.
• Making food without sunlight!–Example: Bacteria
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ENERGY FLOW• If AUTOTROPHS are called
PRODUCERS, because they make their own food, what are HETEROTROPHS called?
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CONSUMERS• Organisms that consume plants or
other organisms to obtain energy.• All organisms that are NOT
producers!!! (Heterotrophs)• Three categories
–Primary–Secondary–Tertiary
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PRIMARY CONSUMERS• Herbivores
–Eat plants or other primary producers• Examples
– Cows– Horses– Rabbits– Some Insects
• SECOND TROPHIC LEVEL
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SECONDARY CONSUMERS• Carnivores
–Animals that eat animals–Examples: tigers, wolves, snakes
• Omnivores–Animals that are herbivores and
carnivores–Examples: bears, humans
• THIRD TROPHIC LEVEL
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TERTIARY CONSUMERS
• Carnivores that consume other carnivores
• Known as “top carnivores”• Example:
–A hawk that eats a snake–A lion that eats a hyena
• FOURTH TROPHIC LEVEL
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DETRITOVORES• Decomposes organic
material and returns the nutrients to the soil, water and air (making it available for other organisms).
• Examples: mites, earthworms, snails, crabs
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DECOMPOSERS• Break down and absorb nutrients
from dead organisms• They cause decay• Decomposition of bodies and
wastes releases nutrients back into the environment to be recycled by other organisms.
• Examples: bacteria, fungi
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SCAVENGERS• Do not kill their food—they
search for a source of food that is already dead
• “Clean-up” the ecosystem• Examples: buzzards
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FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
• Energy flows through an ecosystem in ONE direction:
Sun (or inorganic chemicals)
Autotrophs/Producers
Heterotrophs/Consumers
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FOOD CHAIN• A food chain is a series of
steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten.
• It is how energy moves through an ecosystem!
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FOOD WEB• A food web is a network of
complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem.
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FOOD CHAIN vs. FOOD WEB
•A food web will link together all of the food chains in a particular ecosystem…
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A terrestrial
food chain
A marine food chain
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TROPHIC LEVELS• A trophic level is a step in a food
chain or food web.• Different organisms are on
different levels depending on their source of energy.
• Where does energy come from?SUN
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TROPHIC LEVELS1st TROPHIC LEVEL Producers
2nd TROPHIC LEVEL Primary Consumers
3rd TROPHIC LEVEL Secondary Consumers
4th TROPHIC LEVEL Tertiary Consumers
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TROPHIC LEVELS
• A consumer in a food chain depends on the trophic level below it for energy.
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ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
• An ecological pyramid is a diagram that show the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level of a food chain or food web.
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ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
• Only part of the energy stored in a trophic level is passed on to the next because organisms use much of the energy they con
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ENERGY PYRAMID• All energy originates from the
sun (or inorganic chemicals).• Sunlight (radiant energy) is
converted to digestible energy by plants during photosynthesis.
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• When the plants are eaten, the energy is transferred to animals to sustain life.
• Energy is transferred up the food chain.
ENERGY PYRAMID
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THE RULE OF TENS• Only 10% of the energy in a
trophic level is passed on to the next level…90% of the energy is lost—where does it go?
• Given off as HEAT!!
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BIOMASS PYRAMID• Biomass is the total amount
of living tissue within a trophic level.
• Represents the amount of potential food available at each trophic level.
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PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
• Shows relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level.
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LIMITATIONS OF TROPHIC LEVELS
Why can there not be too many links to one
food chain?
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• Each trophic level can support about one-tenth the amount of living tissue as the level below it, because only 10% of the energy is passed up!!!
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A few more things…
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HABITAT
•The area where an organism lives
• Includes both biotic and abiotic factors
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Biotic vs. Abiotic
Biotic• Bio- means: life• Tic- means: pertaining to
Biotic factors are the living organisms in a habitat!
Abiotic• Bio- means: life• Tic- means:
pertaining to• A- means: no, not
Abiotic factors are all the physical aspect of a habitat!
Examples: soil, water, weather
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Abiotic Factors
•Water•Air
•Soil•Heat•Light