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ECOLOGY: THE BIOSPHERE
Mrs. Yanac
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ORIGIN OF THE WORD…”ECOLOGY” Greek origin
Oikos = household/homeLogos = study of“Study of household/home”
Real meaningStudy of organisms & their environment or
surroundings
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONS “Ida, please come eat baked beans”
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WHAT IS THE BIOSPHERE? All the life on the
planet PLUSthe land
(lithosphere)the water
(hydrosphere)the air
(atmosphere)
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BIOTIC VS ABIOTIC FACTORS Biotic (Living)
PlantsAnimals FungiMicroorganisms
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Abiotic FactorsLightWaterWindSoil Heat Atmosphere
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ENERGY FLOW Sunlight is the main energy source for
all life on EarthProducers (AUTOTROPHS)
Green plants & Photosynthetic organismsConsumers (HETEROTROPHS)
Herbivores & CarnivoresDecomposers (HETEROTROPHS)
Fungi & Bacteria
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS Autotrophs
(plants & some microorganisms) use light to make food
These producers are found at the beginning of the food chain
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FOOD CHAINS Shows a one-
way flow of energy
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FOOD WEBS Links or connects ALL the food chains in
an ecosystem together.
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ANOTHER FOOD WEB
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TROPHIC LEVELS Producers
Get energy from the sun or chemicals
Primary Consumers Consumes producers
Secondary Consumers Consumes primary
consumers Tertiary Consumers
Consumes Secondary/Primary Consumers
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RULE OF 10 Only 10% of
the energy is passed on to the next trophic level
The remaining 90% of energy is lost as heat
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BIOMASS PYRAMID
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PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
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RECYCLING IN THE BIOSPHERE All major components of life are neither
created nor destroyed, they are just recycled.Water – all living things need water to
surviveCarbon – key component of living tissueNitrogen – used to make amino acids, which
are the building blocks of proteinsPhosphorous – essential to living organisms
because it forms part of DNA & RNA
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THE WATER CYCLE
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THE CARBON CYCLE
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THE NITROGEN CYCLE
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THE PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
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LIMITING NUTRIENT A chemical needed for growth that is
either missing or only available in a small amount
Algae needs both phosphorous and nitrogen to grow if one of these is limited the algae can not
continue to grow If one of these is abundant the algae will
grow until resources are used up Algal blooms deplete oxygen levels in water &
toxic to aquatic life
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ALGAL BLOOMS
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RECAP1. What are the levels of organization in
the biosphere?2. What are the trophic levels found in a
food chain?3. What are ABIOTIC factors in the
environment? BIOTIC factors? 4. Where does all energy flow begin?5. How much energy is transferred to the
next trophic level?6. What is a limiting nutrient?
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THE END