Download - Ed790 Session 1 Introduction
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WELCOME TO ED790 NEW LITERACIES AND DIGITAL EPISTEMOLOGIES
Dr. James D BrownTouro University CaliforniaFall 2013
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LET’S GET ACQUAINTED!
Where you teach and at what level…. Something personal about you that
you’d like others to know…. What you hope to learn from the
program…. What is the focus of research you might
want to conduct?
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WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO FIRST?
This is a class where you will learn to do research, so: Institutional Review Board Training (Online) National Institute of Health (NIH)
http://phrp.nihtraining.com/users/register.php
After the training, complete the IRB form: http://cehs.tu.edu/gsoe/research/irb.html
Submit to the Professor for review and approval.
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TASKS FOR THE SEMESTER
Text: Mertler Epistemology: Article by Cunningham and
Fitzgerald (Note: You may need to read this more than once!)
New Literacies: Edmodo and Blackboard Glog Voicethread Prezi Etc.…
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7 SESSIONS: (BE SURE TO PRINT SYLLABUS)
Planning Acting Developing Reflecting
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RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design refers to the plan and structure of the investigation used to obtain evidence to answer research questions.
The purpose of a research design is to produce the most valid, accurate answers possible to research questions.
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RESEARCH DESIGN
It is important to match the research design to the question.
Using a data matrix can assist you with collection and analysis of your data.
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4 MAJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS Experimental Non-experimental Ex post facto Qualitative
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EXPERIMENTAL
In an experimental design the researcher manipulates what the subjects experience.
The researcher may impose or withhold specified conditions. For example, the researcher “imposes” the retelling strategy on some students (experimental group), while “withholding” it from others (control group).
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EXPERIMENTAL
The unique characteristic of a true experimental design is random assignment of subjects to different groups (e.g., experimental and control).
Every subject has an equal chance of being in either group so the laws of probability will be in operation.
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QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
A research design that approximates the true experimental type, quasi-experimental also attempts to determine cause and effect by direct manipulation of conditions.
Quasi-experimental is often used with intact classes of students. Since the subjects are NOT randomly assigned and may have different teachers, the investigation is said to be quasi-experimental.
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NON-EXPERIMENTAL
Non-experimental designs describe something that has occurred or examines relationships between things without suggesting direct cause and effect relationships (although in some situations these designs are used to investigate tentative or exploratory cause and effect relationships).
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NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
There are generally three types of non-experimental research designs:
1. Descriptive 2. Correlational3. Survey
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DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
The researcher describes an existing phenomenon by using words or numbers to characterize individuals or a group.
The research assesses the nature of existing conditions, or characterizes something; the researcher measures things as they are.
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CORRELATIONAL DESIGNS
Correlational designs are a type of descriptive design, but because they are used extensively in education they are classified as a distinct type of research.
The design is concerned with assessing relationships between two or more phenomena.
This type of study usually involves a statistical measure of the degree of relationship between the variables, called a correlation.
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CORRELATIONAL DESIGN
A positive correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with high values on a second variable.
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CORRELATIONAL DESIGN
A negative correlation or relationship means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of a second variable.
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CORRELATIONAL DESIGN
No correlation means there is no apparent relationship between the variables.
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SURVEY RESEARCH
In survey research the investigator selects a sample of subjects and administers a questionnaire or conducts interviews to collect data.
Surveys are used frequently in educational research to describe attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and other types of information.
Information on a population through a selected group or sample.
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EX POST FACTO DESIGNS
An ex post facto design is used to explore possible causal relationships among variables that cannot be manipulated by the researcher. That is, rather than manipulating what will happen to subjects, the research focuses on what has happened differently for comparable groups of subjects, then explores if the subjects in each group are different in some way.
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EX POST FACTO DESIGNS
An example would be an investigation of the effect of different types of day care on the readiness of young children for school.
The researcher would identify two groups of children who have similar backgrounds but who have attended different types of day care.
The subjects would be given a school readiness test to see if those who attended a highly academically oriented day care facility differ from children who attended a less academically oriented day care.
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS Qualitative research designs are less structured
than quantitative ones. In a qualitative design, some of the specific procedures tend to be identified during the research rather than ahead of time. They “emerge.”
Traditional qualitative research is also distinguished by using a case study design in which a single “case” is studied in depth. This could be an individual, one group of students, a school, a program, or a concept. The purpose is to understand the phenomena.
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
Since qualitative designs investigate behavior as it occurs naturally in non-contrived situations, there is no manipulation of conditions or experience. In this sense, qualitative designs are non-experimental.
Finally, the data consist of words in the form of rich verbal descriptions, rather than numbers.
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MIXED METHOD DESIGNS
Mixed-methods Research: Studies that combine both quantitative and
qualitative data Many individuals consider action research
studies to be most similar to mixed-methods research (than purely quantitative or qualitative research)
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PERSPECTIVES
Emic perspective: The researcher is an INSIDER who understands the context. Strength for description; weakness is bias.
Etic perspective: The researcher is an outsider who must analyze and become familiar with the context. Strength: less bias; weakness is also less bias and less understanding.
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ACTION RESEARCH
Systematic inquiry conducted by educators with a vested
interest in the teaching–learning process or environment
for purposes of gathering information about how their
school operates, how they teach, and how their students
learn
Research done by teachers for themselves
Systematic inquiry into one’s own practices
Research then has increased utility, effectiveness
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OVERVIEW OF ACTION RESEARCH
Call for school improvement… Mass media and public outcry Lack of applicability of more traditional research
findings Serious need for increased practice of teacher-led,
classroom-based action research
Action research Focused on solving specific classroom or school
problems, improving practice, or helping to make decisions at a local site
Overarching goal is to improve practice immediately
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OVERVIEW OF ACTION RESEARCH Reflection…
Act of critically examining one’s own practice (i.e., what you do, why you do it, what are its effects)
Integral part of action research process
Reflective teaching—process of developing lessons with thoughtful consideration of theory, existing research, and practical experience, along with examination of lesson’s effect on student learning
Process of systematic collection of information followed by active reflection, with the anticipation of improving the teaching–learning process is at the core of action research
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MERTLER’S FOUR-PART PROCESS
Planning stage: dentifying and limiting a topic, Gathering information, Reconnaissance, Reviewing the related literature, Developing a research plan
Acting stage: Implementing the plan and collecting data, Analyzing the data
Developing stage: The ‘action’ part of action research
Reflecting stage: Sharing and communicating results, Reflecting on the process
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MODELS OF ACTION RESEARCH
Stringer’s interacting spiral Lewin’s action research spiral Calhoun’s action research spiral Bachman’s action research spiral Riehl’s action research model Piggot-Irvine’s action research model Hendrick’s action research model