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❖ Educate
❖ Train to assist archaeologists
❖ Recruit volunteers to help
`record and protect sites
Class Objectives
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❖ Inform
❖ Change Behavior
❖ Perspective (across time and space)
❖ Instill Respect
Education
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❖ Appreciate
❖ Inform
❖ Gain Greater Perspective
Why Study the Past?
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❖Land Management Agencies
• Bureau of Land Management
• Forest Service
• National Park Service
• Fish and Wildlife Services
❖State Lands
Public Lands
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❖ Tips for participating on public lands
▪ Talk to managers and/or staff
▪ Send letters or emails to managers
▪ Comment on public documents
▪ Send constructive comments to newspapers and/or websites
▪ VOLUNTEER
Participate
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• Be positive (whenever possible)
• Make constructive suggestions
• Provide additional information
• Don’t rant
• It is NOT a vote
• Offer to help
Make a Difference!
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Volunteer• professional archaeological inventories
• professional archaeological excavations
• provide research or information
• Non-profit organizations (Interpretive Associations, Dixie Archaeological Society, Old Spanish Trail Association, etc.)
• Site Stewards to help protect archaeological sites
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Paleontology – study of fossils (plants & animals)
Anthropology – study of man
Archaeology – study of man’s past
History – study of written records
Cultural Resources – Archaeology, Anthropology, History,
ethnography
Basic Definitions
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Archaeology = the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains of past human life
Definition of Archaeology
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Artifact = anything made by man
Site = any place used, modified or
occupied by man
Archaeology
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❖Cultural Resources = any prehistoric or historic period artifact, site, building, structure, material remain, or traditional use area resulting from, or associated with, human cultural activity.
❖protect and manage scarce cultural resources
Cultural Resource Management
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Human-made markings on stone
Rock Symbols
Petroglyph – pecked, incised or carved symbol
Pictograph – painted symbol
Rock Art
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Territorial Boundaries – confirm homeland and
migrations
Ceremonial, sacred – seek knowledge and power
Communication – with other people and spirit world
Teach – youth and others
Native American Perspectives on Rock Art
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▪ Part of the landscape - everywhere
▪ About Previous Living People
▪ Living Systems
Archaeological Sites
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Cultural History
12000-8000 BC PaleoIndian
8000-1000 BC Archaic
1000 BC-AD 1300 Ancestral Puebloan
AD 1150-now Southern Paiute
AD1776-now Historic
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Ute Territory
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Civilization
Civilization –
a high level of cultural and technological development
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The 10 criteria of a civilization are (V. Gordon Childe);
• foreign trade
• increased settlement size
• writing
• political organization based on residence rather than kinship
• class-stratified society
• representational art
• full-time specialists in non-subsistence activities
• knowledge of science and engineering
• large-scale public works
• concentration of wealth
Civilization Criteria
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• Egalitarian Society
• Political system based on kinship
• Establish authority based on social, economic and religious systems
• Small communities
Chiefdom
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• Makes it illegal to excavate, injure, or destroy
any object of antiquity
• Obligates Federal agencies to manage public
lands for present an future generations
• Provides for a permitting process for scientific
excavation
• Authorizes the President to designate National
Monuments
• Establishes that archaeological sites are
important public resources
Antiquities Act of 1906
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• Establishes Advisory Council on Historic
Preservation
• Provides for a State Historic Preservation Office in each state
• Establishes National Register of Historic Places
• Establishes a review process to protect cultural resources
• Requires Federal agencies to protect cultural resources
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
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• Establishes the President’s Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
• Requires Federal agencies to evaluate environmental effects of their actions
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)
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• Defines archaeological resource
• Forbids sales, purchase, exchange, transport, or receipt of archaeological resources
• Provides substantial fines and a jail sentence, if convicted
• Provides for confiscating equipment used in violating the law
Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1978 (ARPA)
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ARPA substantially increased the penalties that can be levied against convicted violators.
• 1st time felony offenders
o up to $20,000 and
o imprisoned for up to 1 year
• 2nd time felony offenders
o up to $100,000 and
o imprisoned for up to 5 years.
ARPA Penalties
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Public Use Sites
➢Visit with respect
➢Watch where you are walking
➢Don’t touch or damage the rock art
➢ Protect site locations