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EE 230: Optical Fiber Communication Lecture 14
From the movieWarriors of the Net
Optical Time Division Multiplexing
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OTDM Routing Network
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Multiplexing
• Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) for electrical signals
• Code-division multiplexing (CDM) for electrical signals
• Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) for optical signals
• Time-division multiplexing (TDM) for both types
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Modulation
• Amplitude modulation
• Frequency modulation
• Phase modulation
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Simple to implement
• amplitude modulation
• pulse amplitude modulation
• amplitude shift keying
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Economize bandwidth
• quadrature amplitude modulation
• single sideband modulation
• vestigial sideband modulation
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Economize power
• double sideband modulation
• double sideband carrier-suppressed modulation
These are easy to modulate but difficult to demodulate
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Noise resistant
• phase modulation
• frequency modulation
• pulse position modulation
• pulse code modulation (widely used)
• amplitude shift keying
• frequency shift keying
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Pulse Formats
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Optical Bit and Packet Interleaving
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OTDM Bit Interleaved Multiplexer
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Packet Interleaved Multiplexer
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Demultiplexing
• OTDM and soliton systems require RZ format• Nonlinear devices required to demultiplex• n EO modulators required for 2n channels• Sagnac interferometer (NOLM) uses XPM• FWM devices use clock signal as pump,
generate new wavelength for “1” bits
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Synchronizer
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OTDM Bit Interleaved Demultiplexer
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Packet Interleaved Demultiplexer
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Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror-NOLM
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Solitons
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Comparison of Soliton Transmission to other Technologies
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Effective area of single-mode fiber
for 1.2<V<2.405,
otherwise
Aeff=w2
62/3
879.2619.165.0
VVa
w
Va
w
ln
1
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Peak power for a soliton
where is the pulse width in time and n2 is the nonlinear index of refraction
22
2
3775.0
cn
ADP eff
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Example: Corning SMF-28 fiber
• nCO=1.4504, nCL=1.4447, a=4.1 m, =1550 nm. NA=?
• NA=0.13. k=?• k=2/=4.05x106 m-1. V=?• V=2.16. w/a=?• w/a=1.19. w=?
• w=4.87 m. Aeff=?
• Aeff=7.46x10-11 m2
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Example, continued
• D=19 ps/km-nm, n2=3.18x10-20 m2/W, =20 ps. P=?
• D=1.9x10-5 s/m2
3=3.72x10-18 m3
2=4x10-22 s2=9.87
• P=0.108W=108 mW—pretty high!